後機場都市的規劃填充及空間轉化──以臺北戰時南北飛行場關場後的地景變遷為例

Planning Infill and Spatial Makeover of the Post-Airport City: A Comparative Study on the Landscape Transformation of Taipei’s Disused North and South Wartime Airfields and Their Adjacent Environments

臺北戰時南北簡易飛行場在戰後廢止使用，並分別發展成當時具現代性規劃及住宅象徵的兩種住宅群落。從1960年代起，西南萬華區、原屬臺北練兵場的南機場，大部分原機場土地留作青年公園，並於園道周邊發展成國宅與整宅集聚的公共住宅簇群。同時期，城市東北端松山區的簡易飛行場第三跑道土地則逐漸填滿不同尺度眷村；北側飛行場滑行道及鄰近農地重劃後，則闢建了臺北第一個公共設施完善的整體規劃民生社區，以步登公寓為主的建築型態，佈局在鄰里公園及綠帶的綠色基盤之間。這兩種「後機場」規劃範型形塑了各自住宅街區的發展及都市生活，雖都與飛行場的脈絡脫鉤，但仍可由現今的都市紋理找到過往軍防文化的痕跡。本研究嘗試釐清過去半世紀以來這兩處關場飛行場及周邊的地景變遷過程和結構性成因，同時對照世界各地因機場關閉後啟動的都市再生機制，以探討都市大型開放空間釋放後的意義競爭及政治角力，並透過不同都市規劃及設計理論，反思各類都市主義在臺北後機場空間的實踐經驗。

Taipei’s North and South Wartime Airfields were abandoned after World War II and transformed into two types of housing clusters signifying modernist planning. Since the 1960s, the major part of the South Airfield (or South Airport, Nan-Ji-Chang) was made over into a big urban park while a greater expansion of the adjacent landscape was built up into a series of high-density resettlement and public housing. Comparatively, the third runway of the North Airfield was gradually filled in with military-dependents villages of various scales, and its vast adjoining land at the north became the first master-planned Min-Sheng Community with modern public facilities and green infrastructure connecting neighborhood parks and green alleyways amongst walkup flats. These two post-airport planning paradigms shaped different urban forms and the urban life therein. Though disarticulated from the physical contexts of the airfields, the vestige of military culture is traceable from the modern-day urban fabrics. This research explores the processes and structural causes of the landscape transformation of the two airfields and their contiguous environments after their closures. By comparing with the regeneration mechanisms of other shutdown airports all over the world, it also delves into the contention of urban meanings and the political wrestling for the release of substantial open spaces, and further reflects on the practical experiences of different urban design theories implemented in Taipei’s post-airport spaces.