論非同質化代幣（NFT）在民事法下之定性

Research of Legal Position on Non Fungible Tokens under Civil Code

在非同質化代幣（NFT）快速攫取人們目光及實務應用如雨後春筍般問世之際，NFT仍面臨諸多待解決的問題，其中關鍵課題之一便是如何確定NFT的法律定性。實務上可見的NFT，背後必然存在著「基礎資產」，亦即其具體連結表徵之價值為何，故包括法律定性在內、NFT衍生課題均必須就「NFT所表徵之基礎資產」及「NFT本身」兩個面向分別進行討論。就前者而言，基礎資產可得為「現時已知」或「過往未見」之資產概念；同時其可能為「原物」，亦可能為「重製物」。就NFT本身而論，除因紀錄功能而可界定為「電磁紀錄」外，NFT若具表意性尚可進一步視為「電子文件」，而在連結／表徵價值此一面向，本文認為NFT存在兩種定性可能，一是視為紀錄或證明；其二則是認定NFT本身即具財產價值，惟須進一步釐清其在民事法下之具體權利態樣，作者並嘗試提出個人看法與建議。NFT存在的若干待解決課題，使得以NFT作為突破歷來所建立的「物」之概念暨相關基本原則之觀察對象，或仍有其未臻合適之處。惟NFT具備的特質使其較早期的網路原生事物更加接近民法上之物，長遠觀之如何揆諸實務發展步伐適時進行法制調適，應有其必要。

The tokenization uses driven by blockchain technology is changing the concept of assets. Non Fungible Tokens (NFTs) base on Smart Contract Layer show the characteristics such as uniquely identified and uniqueness. Any legal issues arising from the NFTs, including its legal position, should be discussed in two aspects:“The underlying assets represented by NFT”and“the NFT itself”. The underlying asset of an NFT may be the asset that people has known or whole new concept that has not been seen before, and the underlying asset may also be the original of replica of an identifiable asset. As for NFT itself, first, NFT can be basically defined as“electromagnetic record”because of its recording function. If NFT is ideographic, it can be further regarded as“electronic document”. Secondly, there are two possibilities of legal position of the NFT, one is regarded as a record or a certificate, the other is to recognize that the NFT itself has property value, subject to further clarification of its specific rights under Civil Code. Although the characteristics of NFT make it closer to the concept of“Things”under Civil Code, it is still necessary to continuously observe whether NFT or other crypto assets may change the inherent concept of“Thing”and related principles.