檢驗書《洗冤集錄》急救法研究──兼論古代檢驗與醫學之關連

Research on the First Aid Methods of the Examination Book Collected Cases of injustice Rectified: A Discussion of the Relationship between Ancient Inspection and Medical Science

古代檢驗書記載驗屍法規與實務操作方法，宋代宋慈《洗冤集錄》是檢驗書代表作，該書第52條〈救死方〉記錄急救法，後代《洗冤》書籍繼續增補。本文的問題是檢驗書急救法的知識來源為何，為什麼輯入急救法？檢驗的對象是屍體，不是活人，收急救法表示檢驗者除了洗冤澤物的驗屍任務，還有隱微的生命關懷。
筆者首先梳理〈救死方〉的來源，可分成兩類，前有所承或查無紀錄但有理據可循。本文發現〈救死方〉與醫書急救的共通點是：1.一狀況有多個救治法；2.一藥或一法救多種狀況。兩者的差異是：1.〈救死方〉所用材料少；2.〈救死方〉操作較簡便。〈救死方〉所用的急救觀是：1.刺激宣氣；2.忌冷熱交逼；3.魂魄復體；4.食藥調理。
目前論述檢驗書救死的成果不多，本研究可為補缺。本文從「談生不論死」角度剖析《洗冤集錄》，以往認為古代檢驗與醫學關連不大，不過，救死搭了橋樑，串接兩者關連，檢驗書曾跟多部醫書取經。本文揭示檢驗蘊含的民命關懷，展現檢驗書另一個鮮為人知面貌。

Ancient examination books in China recorded the codes and practices for examining corpses. Collected Cases of Injustice Rectified (Xiyuan jilu), written by Song Ci during the Song Dynasty, was a representative examination book of that era. Within this book, Entry 52,“Recipes for Rescue,”recorded various practices regarding emergency rescues. Books written to analyze the original work of Song Ci in later generations provided supplements to the Recipes for Rescue section. This finding led to the question: Why did the examination books include Recipes for Rescue? As the subjects of examinations were corpses instead of living persons, it was inferred that the examiners not only carried the responsibility of rectifying injustice and doing good deeds but also subtly exhibited care and respect for life.
First, this article reviewed the origins of Recipes for Rescue, which could be traced evidentially; however, some of the origins were found while some were not. The commonalities between Recipes for Rescue and the examination book were (1) multiple rescue methods for the same condition, and (2) one particular medicine or method could be used to deal with multiple situations. The differences between the two were: (1) the methods stated in Recipes for Rescue required fewer materials, and (2) the materials stated in Recipes for Rescue were easily accessible. The concepts behind the emergency rescues in Recipes for Rescue were (1) stimulation to generate yang qi, (2) avoiding the cross-stimulation of cold and heat, (3) allowing the spirit to resume in the body, and (4) using medicinal food to recuperate the body.
There were scant discussions regarding the outcomes of rescues recorded in the examination books; hence, this study intended to fill the research gap. This study analyzed Collected Cases of Injustice Rectified from the perspective of maintaining life instead of death. In the past, the common belief was that the examination works in ancient times were only of little relevance to medical science. However, this study argued that the topic of emergency rescues found within the original works proved that the examination works in ancient times and medical science were related and that inherent within the examination works had been overlooked in previous research. This study revealed another facet of the examination book.