論湛若水之「敬」與動靜關係

On Zhan Ruoshui’s Conception of the Relationship between“Reverence (Jing)”and“Action-Stillncss”

明代湛若水主張「心」的主體地位，但對王陽明之學頗有微詞，學術思想又有程朱理學的痕跡，導致其學術定位的困難。由於湛氏擁有明確關於「敬」的思想，是其與朱子學接近的證明之一，但其「敬」在已發未發、寂感動靜之間的作用與關係與朱熹卻極為不同。故本文將針對湛若水之「敬」做出具體研究，分別針對「已發未發」、「戒慎恐懼」、「敬」與動靜的關係進行討論，並適時與朱熹比較，以豁顯出湛氏之「敬」的特色，以期為其學術定位提供新的觀察視角，也嘗試建構、呈現「敬」的不同型態與理論發展空間。

Zhan Ruoshui advocated for the importance of the“mind-substance,”but he also frequently criticized Wang Yangming’s learning. His ideas were also similar to those advanced in Cheng-Zhu thought, which has led to some difficulties in situating his academic views. Zhan’s theory of“reverence”(jing敬) demonstrates that his ideas are close to those of Zhu Xi. But the relationship between his notions of“reverence”and the“stirred and unstirred mind”or“action and stillncss”are actually quite different from the views of Zhu Xi. Therefore, this article will interrogate Zhan Ruoshui's conception of reverence and discuss the relationship between the stirred and unstirred mind, vigilance and reverence, and compare his positions with those of Zhu Xi.