九龍江生計圈：16-17世紀臺灣早期移民的主要原鄉

Livelihood Zone of Chiu-lung River: Hometown of Early Immigrants to Taiwan in 16th-17th Century

從16世紀中期開始，因中國東南沿海海商與海盜進出臺灣，使當時稱東番的臺灣漸為明朝士人所知，1567年漳州月港開放通商，更使臺灣正式進入東亞歷史舞臺。臺灣較具規模的農業移民與拓墾開發始於荷蘭統治的17世紀前期，明鄭東寧王國的建立至康熙朝收臺灣入版圖，是閩南地區移民臺灣的第一次高潮。荷蘭統治與東寧政權行政中心位於臺南，故臺南周邊成為臺灣最早拓墾開發的地區。本文利用各古老聚落移民開臺祖資料，探討臺南地區最早期移民的兩個主要墾殖地域：鯽魚潭周邊的鹽水溪／許縣溪流域、北門半島附近的曾文溪／急水溪流域，分析比較移民先後與原鄉祖籍，說明靠近淺山地區的河流谷地與沖積平原是移民的首選地區，較海岸平原地區更早拓墾；整體而言漳州移民早於泉州移民來臺，不過最早期的移民主要來自漳泉交界的九龍江出海口一帶，明清之際同屬月港、廈門為核心的漳州生計與生活圈，具有流域性質形成的共同體文化，不適合以漳泉族群作簡單劃分，這是對以臺南為起點的臺灣歷史發展產生深遠影響的源頭。

From the 16th century, Taiwan had come to be known as“Dong Fan”(literally“Eastern Barbarians”) by the Ming dynasty gentry owing to activities of sea merchants and pirates of southeast coastal China. In 1567, Yuegang (or“Moon Port”) of Zhangzhou, Fujian was opened for foreign trade, thus ushering Taiwan onto the stage of East Asian History. Large-scale agricultural immigrants and reclamation started in the early 17thcentury Taiwan under Dutch rule. The number of immigrants from southern Fujian to Taiwan reached its first peak after the Ming loyalist Koxinga founded the Kingdom of Tungning and until Taiwan came under Qing rule during Kangxi’s reign. The capital of both Dutch Formosa and Kingdom of Tungning was Tainan; therefore, the earliest reclamation and development started in the vicinity of Tainan.
Using historical materials of first-generation immigrants of old settlements, this paper examines hometowns and immigration sequence among the early settlers in two main reclamation areas in Tainan: Yan-shui Creek/Hsu-hsien Creek basin adjacent to Chi-yu Lake and Tseng-wen Creek/Chi-shui Creek basin near Beimen peninsula. The analysis reveals that immigrants preferred settling in river valleys and floodplains near foothills, which were reclaimed earlier than coastal plain areas. Generally speaking, immigrants from Zhangzhou came before those from Quanzhou. However, the earliest immigrants were mainly from the border between Zhangzhou and Quanzhou near the estuary of Chiu-lung River. This area in Ming-Qing times was within the Zhangzhou livelihood and social zone, with Yuegang and Xiamen as centers. The fact that these earliest immigrants shared the same community culture shaped by the basin and were unapt to be divided simply based on their Zhangzhou and Quanzhou origins has had a profound impact on the development of Taiwan history beginning from Tainan.