柬埔寨的族群政治

Ethnic Politics of Cambodia

世人對柬埔寨的印象不外乎動亂、詐騙與吳哥窟。1970年代以來長期的動亂，加上近期的詐騙事件，讓人對柬埔寨的印象頗為負面；較大的亮點就是吳哥窟，它是柬埔寨觀光的金雞母，也是柬國光榮歷史的見證。究竟柬埔寨是一個什麼樣的國家？柬埔寨人如何看待自己，並且建構自己的國家想像？本文將從族群政治的角度切入，探究柬埔寨族群的組成、柬埔寨的國族打造與族群政策、柬埔寨的族群關係與展望等。本文主要發現有三：一、柬埔寨與中南半島其他國家類似，都有一個主要族群，在族群政策與國族打造上都採取同化主義，以主流族群（高棉族）的語言、文化、歷史、價值觀作為國族打造的規範，少數族群的文化權利則缺乏保障。二、柬埔寨的國族打造圍繞在其國家格言（即民族、宗教、國王）與吳哥光榮來建構，可見諸國旗、國歌與憲法。三、柬埔寨的族群政治與鄰近國家的外交關係密切連動，歷史上柬埔寨面臨強鄰泰國與越南的威脅，然而從1840年代以降，柬國王室走親泰反越路線，即使今日柬國執政黨乃是越南於1979年所扶植上位，但是王室的態度、反對勢力與民間社會等都有反越南情結，多數境內越南裔至今無法取得公民權。

The world’s perception of Cambodia is nothing more than turmoil, fraud, and Angkor Wat. The long-term turmoil since the 1970s, coupled with the recent fraud incidents, has given people a rather negative impression of Cambodia. The biggest, if not the only, highlight of Cambodia is its Angkor Wat, which is not only the golden hen of Cambodian tourism but also a witness to its glorious history. What kind of country is Cambodia? How do Cambodians view themselves and construct their national imagination? From the perspective of ethnic politics, this article explores the composition of Cambodian ethnic groups, Cambodia’s nation-building, and Cambodia’s ethnic policies and ethnic politics. There are three main findings in this article: First, like other countries in the Indochina Peninsula, Cambodia has a dominant ethnic group, which is Khmer, and adopts an assimilationism policy in ethnic politics and nation building. Second, Cambodia’s nation-building is built around its national motto (namely nation, religion, king) and the glory of Angkor, which can be seen in the national flag, national anthem, and constitution. Third, the ethnic politics of Cambodia is closely related to its diplomatic relations with neighboring countries, especially Thailand and Vietnam. While Cambodia historically faced threat from both strong neighbors, but since the 1840s, due to the political support from Thailand, the Cambodian royal family has started their pro-Thailand policy and sustained their anti-Vietnam sentiment. However, since 1979, due to the political support from Vietnam, the ruling Cambodia People’s Party, has bolstered close tie with Vietnam and favored a pro-Vietnam policy. Nonetheless, since the anti-Vietnamese sentiment has been deeply rooted in Cambodian society and flown in its political discourse, the policy to ethnic Vietnamese can hardly be supportive even in a pro-Vietnam administration. Most ethnic Vietnamese in the country have not been able to obtain citizenship and become stateless people.