慈愛與迷信——晚清仕紳的反教謠言對法國天主教育嬰堂的影響（1840-1891）

KindnessandSuperstition:AStudyontheFoundlingHospicesoftheFrenchCatholicChurchinAnti-missionaryRumors

本文以法國耶穌會下轄的育嬰堂為例，探討晚清政府因對教會的弛禁政策，導致日後反教活動頻發於中國各地的問題。在晚清反教言論中，被社會輿論攻擊最多的即為教會慈幼機構下的育嬰堂，其中便有因為育嬰堂而引發的教案，諸如揚州教案、天津教案，以及蕪湖教案等，均為法國系統下天主教教會育嬰堂受到反教謠言的抹黑和引導輿論，從而產生衝突。
本文欲藉天主教教會育嬰堂在華的發展，以及圍繞在教會育嬰堂的反教言論和教案中，所涉及的官、民、教等諸多群體利益和觀念的衝突，並進一步解析反教言論造謠傳播的過程，從而瞭解中國仕紳在新的中西交流框架下，成為多數反教造謠者的心態。以期能展示出晚清時期，中國與西方在傳教事業上的思想轉變以及文化衝突，並進一步思考晚清中國社會在西方教會傳教下，對抵制教會的「反教輿論」社會現象出現的影響。

This article takes Foundling hospices of the French catholic church as an example, to explore frequent outbreaks of Anti-missionary riots on all China. In the many Anti-missionary speeches and rumours, they focus the evolutionary background in Salesian institutions. Foundling hospices and the Anti-missionary riots caused by the Salesian institutions, like the Yangzhou riot, Tianjin Massacre and Anti-missionary riot in Wuhu, they are Foundling hospices in the Catholic church of the French. It is all anti-missionary remarks and rumors that guide public opinion, slander the Catholic Church's shelter for abandoned children, and cause riots.
Learn more about the late Qing Dynasty, China and Western countries in the New Cultural Exchange Framework. In this framework, most rumour makers of anti-missionary rumours; the Gentry Anti-missionary mindset and its context, also in the Gentry's disinformation medium like the Big-character poster or the anti-missionary books. In addition to showing that the late Qing Dynasty, China and Western countries have a conflict of thought and culture in the missionary works, think further to the Late Qing social phenomenon of ''anti-missionary opinion'' that boycotts the church in western church missions and derived from those Anti-missionary rumours. In addition to achieving the purpose of the gentry group, also this is a Chinese intellectual who represented part of Confucian culture as the subject and face the use of superior force foreign culture as the object in the New Cultural Exchange Framework. In conclusion the Gentry used the Big-character poster or the anti-missionary books are confrontation to Western culture in the Anti-missionary speeches and rumours.