取締與治療：日治時期臺灣嗎啡之使用探究

SuppressionandTreatment:AnInvestigationintotheUseofMorphineinTaiwanduringtheJapaneseColonialPeriod

嗎啡的出現不論在醫學上及化學上，皆具有劃時代之意義，且在人類歷史中也是一革命性發明；其一為人類首次成功從植物提煉出之活性物質；其二為西方醫學新型藥物之研究基礎。而日本在明治維新中全盤西化，亦促使西醫的引入及西藥的普及，並連帶推動日治時期臺灣醫療之現代化。透過三種面向，試圖勾勒出嗎啡在政府對策、醫藥研究、民間日常中的多重含意與特殊價值；一為總督府取締嗎啡之態度隨著法律日漸縝密、醫政越趨周詳，而有所變化，且國際貿易與製藥工業也受當局管控；二為經現代醫學培育之醫生，除了對嗎啡展開學術研究及治療大眾外，亦對戒除鴉片癮者貢獻良多；三為透過民眾求診西醫，使其體驗到藥用嗎啡之療效外，同時漸使該藥深入民間，因而造成濫用與走私等負面效益。礙於史料之侷限，鮮些資料直接提及嗎啡；本文欲利用該時期之官方檔案、報章雜誌、醫學期刊、人物日記等，儘可能還原出嗎啡在日治時期臺灣之使用情形與用途目的，另探究受其影響下的社會背景為何。

The emergence of morphine has significant historical and chemical implications in the field of medicine. It was a revolutionary invention that marked the first successful extraction of an active substance from a plant, and it served as the basis for the development of a new type of Western medicine. During the Meiji Restoration in Japan, the country underwent a complete Westernization process, which led to the introduction and widespread use of Western medicine, and subsequently facilitated the modernization of medical practices in Taiwan during the Japanese colonial period.This article attempts to delineate the multiple meanings and special values of morphine in government policies, medical research, and daily life through three perspectives. Firstly, the attitude of the colonial government towards the crackdown on morphine changed with the increasingly stringent laws and the meticulous medical administration, while international trade and the pharmaceutical industry were also under regulatory control. Secondly, doctors trained in modern medicine conducted academic research on morphine, contributed greatly to the treatment of the general public and helped those addicted to opium to quit. Thirdly, through seeking medical care from Western doctors, people experienced the therapeutic effects of medicinal morphine, gradually popularizing its use, leading to negative effects such as abuse and smuggling.Due to limitations in historical records, there is little direct information about morphine. This article aims to use official archives, newspapers and magazines, medical journals, and personal diaries from the time to reconstruct the usage and purposes of morphine during the Japanese colonial period in Taiwan, as well as exploring the social background influenced by it.