噶瑪蘭語日語借詞之元音改適

Loanword Adaptation of Japanese Vowels in Kavalan

本文透過第一手語料，探討噶瑪蘭語中，日語借詞元音改適和音韻之互動情形，並提出優選理論的分析。研究發現，日語和噶瑪蘭語共有的元音並不一定完全被如實地借入噶瑪蘭語，而噶瑪蘭語不存在的日語元音在改適後也不一定與日語元音最相近。此外，在日語借入的過程中，也有清元音弱化或刪除的情況。本文認為，不論是日語和噶瑪蘭語共有元音未被如實借入，或是不同元音改造後與日語來源詞元音有所差異，都是為了符合噶瑪蘭語固有音韻規律。由於借入時有較多變異或被弱化／刪除的元音大多屬於聽覺顯著性較低的中元音及清元音，且元音改造時也都遵循噶瑪蘭語固有音韻規律，顯示噶瑪蘭語日語借詞元音改適同時受到聽覺感知和噶瑪蘭語固有音韻的影響，支持了借詞三大理論中的「語音－音韻對應理論」。

This paper investigates vowel adaptation of Japanese loanwords in Kavalan. Based on primary data, it is shown that Japanese vowels that are shared by Kavalan do not always enter Kavalan unchanged; and, Japanese vowels not shared by Kavalan are not always adapted to their closest Kavalan vowel counterparts. It is argued that this less-than-ideal matching is partly due to a lack of perceptual saliency in some vowels and partly due to a competition between mimicking Japanese vowels and conforming to Kavalan phonology. The latter can be accounted for by the interaction between faithfulness constraintswhich requirefeatures of Japanese vowels to be preserved in loanword outputs as well as markedness constraints which prohibit structures that are considered marked in Kavalan. The fact that both perception and native phonology play roles in vowel adaptation in Kavalan loanwords thus supports the Perception-Phonology Approach for loanword adaptation, a perception-oriented theory that involves native phonology.