法國近代狩獵法史： 從狩獵權、狩獵許可到禁獵權

History of Hunting Law in Modern France: From Hunting Rights, Hunting Permission to Right of Non-Hunting

大革命廢除狩獵特權，重建狩獵權與土地所有權關係，立法者試圖實踐狩獵平等與自由價值。因資本主義、人民嚮往狩獵活動與農作保護需求，狩獵活動快速大眾化。財政及治安考量下，從事狩獵活動權受狩獵許可等措施管制。二十世紀初社團法建立，狩獵與野生動物保護組織倍增；但1964年凡爾戴法將狩獵權行使與土地所有權的擁有脫勾，導致一些反對狩獵之地主，難以拒絕他人於其土地上狩獵。1999年歐洲人權法院判決，禁獵權概念才被正式承認，並影響國內法修正。本文認為狩獵相關權利研究可試著從行為自由與財產權方向，思考狩獵平等在民主社會中之意義。

The Revolution abolished hunting privileges and re-established the relationship between hunting rights and land ownership as legislators tried to realize the value of hunting in terms of equality and freedom. Under capitalism, given the people’s yearning to hunt and the need for crop protection, the popularity of hunting grew rapidly, however, with the introduction of financial and security considerations, the right to hunt became subject to authorization and other control measures. At the beginning of the 20th century, the establishment of the law of associations in 1901 multiplied the number of groups and organizations with a hand in hunting and wildlife protection, while the 1964 Verdeille Law stipulated that the exercise of hunting rights was separate from land ownership. As a result, it became difficult for landlords who opposed hunting to refuse access to those wishing to hunt on their property. Not until the European Court of Human Rights judgment in 1999 was a right to non-hunting officially recognized, influencing the amendment of domestic law. This paper argues that research on hunting rights ought to consider the significance of hunting equality in a democratic society from the perspective of the right to freedom and property rights.