WTO產業補貼規則的改革與中國應對

Reform of WTO Industrial Subsidy Rules and China’s Countermeasures

WTO多邊貿易機制力圖在推進市場有序競爭和尊重各成員實現自身經濟發展間尋求平衡。當前，美歐等WTO成員指責現有的多邊補貼紀律對補貼的規定仍然存在真空地帶，不能有效規制成員的補貼措施，並提出擴大禁止性補貼的範圍、規定舉證責任倒置、解決產能過剩、增加反向通報的懲罰性後果以及認定公共機構規則等改革建議，但其提案缺乏真正的理論依據。在沒有可預見的多邊成果的情況下，WTO成員將會轉向尋求靈活的諸邊談判方式。WTO補貼規則改革需要進一步明確界定補貼，制定明確、合理、實用的補貼規則以及“特殊與差別待遇”所涉補貼規則。努力更新或澄清規則並提高透明度，可以為持久消除破壞公平競爭鋪平道路，也可以減少使用貿易救濟措施和其他導致全球貿易緊張局勢的單邊行動。中國應順應國際產業補貼新規則，統籌好國內改革和WTO改革兩個大局，提出維護自身貿易利益和公平貿易的規則修改訴求，以更積極的姿態有效推動乃至引領WTO產業補貼規則談判。

The WTO multilateral trading system seeks to strike a balance between promoting orderly market competition and respecting each member’s economic development. At present, WTO members such as the United States and the European Union accuse the existing multilateral subsidy discipline of still having a vacuum on the subsidy provisions, which cannot effectively regulate the subsidy measures of members, so they put forward reform suggestions such as expanding the scope of prohibited subsidies, reversing the burden of proof, solving overcapacity, increasing the punitive consequences of reverse notification and identifying the rules of public institutions, but it lacks a real theory basis for their proposals. In the absence of foreseeable multilateral outcomes, WTO members will turn to seeking flexible plurilateral negotiations. The reform of WTO industrial subsidy rules needs to further define subsidies, formulate clear, reasonable and practical subsidy rules, as well as“special and differential treatment”clauses. Efforts of updating or clarifying rules and improving transparency can pave the way for the lasting elimination of distortions that undermine fair competition, as well as reduce the use of trade remedies and other unilateral actions that lead to global trade tensions. China should comply with the new rules on international industrial subsidies, coordinate domestic reforms and WTO reforms, put forward demands for rule revisions to safeguard its own trade interests and fair trade, and take a more positive attitude to effectively promote and even lead the negotiation of WTO industrial subsidies rules.