北極航道航行爭端的和平解決方式研究

Research on Methods of Peaceful Settlement of Navigational Disputes in the Arctic Passage

國際法要求以和平方式解決北極航道的航行爭端，北極理事會目前不具備解決該爭端的條件。北極航道的航行爭端主要發生在美國與俄羅斯、加拿大之間。美國和加拿大通過雙邊談判達成臨時解決西北航道航行爭端的協定，而美國還曾尋求國際海事組織解決相關爭端但並未成功。《聯合國海洋法公約》締約國的爭端方，可適用公約的爭端解決程序與方法，包括強制爭端解決程序，但該程序下的爭端解決機構將面臨管轄權的自動排除例外與任擇性例外的限制，特別是涉及“歷史性所有權”的限制；此外，還面臨裁判能否得到執行等問題。《聯合國海洋法公約》非締約國的爭端方，在適用《聯合國憲章》規定的和平解決方式時，需要考慮國際法院的強制管轄權能否適用。

International law requires the use of peaceful methods to settle navigational disputes in the Arctic Passage, and the Arctic Council is currently unable to settle the disputes. The navigational disputes in the Arctic Passage mainly arose between the United States and Russia, the United States and Canada. The United States and Canada have reached an agreement to temporarily settle the navigational dispute in the Northwest Passage through bilateral negotiations. The United States has sought the International Maritime Organization to settle related disputes, but failed. Parties to the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea can apply the dispute settlement procedures and methods of the Convention, including compulsory procedures to settle their disputes. But the dispute settlement bodies under the procedures will face the automatic exceptions and optional exceptions of jurisdiction, particularly the restriction of“historic title”, and issues such as whether the decisions can be enforced. For a party to the dispute that is not a party to the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, it is necessary to consider whether the compulsory jurisdiction of the International Court of Justice can be applied when applying the methods of peaceful settlement stipulated in the Charter of the United Nations.