不正當競爭行為司法認定的“ 泛道德化”傾向及其矯正

The Pan-moralization Tendency of the Judicial Recognition of Unfair Competition and Its Rectification

在知識產權不正當競爭案件與網絡不正當競爭案件中，道德因素較易成為人民法院評價行為正當性的實質依據，繼而造成“泛道德化”傾向。受其影響，人民法院可能作出不正當競爭行為的誤判，從而妨礙企業的自主經營，妨礙經濟資源的充分利用和相關市場的自由競爭。為矯正“泛道德化” 傾向，人民法院應主動審查涉案行為是否歸屬自由競爭的範疇。行為未違反反壟斷法、知識產權法，是行為歸屬自由競爭範疇的必要條件。當違反前述法律時，涉案行為應依據前述法律認定處理。不違反前述法律的行為，很可能被自由競爭秩序容許。同時，不違反前述法律並非行為合法的充分條件，涉案行為在符合特定標準時仍可構成不正當競爭，適用“比例失衡” 標準與“嚴重妨礙正常經營” 標準可避免該傾向。

In intellectual property unfair competition cases and network unfair competition cases, moral factors are more likely to become the substantive basis for the people' s courts to evaluate the legitimacy of behavior, which then leads to the tendency of pan-moralization. Under its influence, the people̓s court is prone to make a miscarriage of unfair competition, which hinders the independent operation of enterprises, hinders the full use of economic resources and free competition in relevant markets. To rectify the pan-moralization, the people̓s court should actively examine whether the involved behavior belongs to the category of free competition. The fact that the behavior does not violate the antimonopoly law and the intellectual property law is a necessary condition for the behavior to belong to the free competition category. When violating these laws, the involved behavior shall be determined and dealt with in accordance with these laws. Acts that do not violate these laws are likely to be allowed by the order of free competition. At the same time, not violating the above-mentioned laws is not a sufficient condition for the legality of the behavior. The behavior involved in the case can still constitute an act of unfair competition when it meets the specific standards. The application of the “proportion imbalance” standard and the “serious disruption of normal operations” standard can avoid this tendency.