文本傳流與變異：兩漢今古文《尚書》新論

Textual Dissemination and Variation: A New Study on the “Modern Script” and “Ancient Script” of Shangshu

《尚書》的今、古文問題歷來是《尚書》學研究的重點。今、古文《尚書》源自戰國時不同傳本系統的書類文獻選本，而漢初的《尚書》亦有「別本」存在，非僅今、古兩端。根據目前已掌握的戰國文字形體特點及區系劃分信息，通過分析今、古文《尚書》異文所呈現的早期文本在戰國秦漢間的傳抄情況，可知今文《尚書》的底本經過了六國文字的轉抄，很可能原為齊系文字抄本；古文《尚書》的底本文字亦為齊系。〈莽誥〉擬自今文《尚書》，其中引文與今本之歧可與今文《尚書》源自齊系文字抄本互證。今文《尚書》分立的歐陽、大、小夏侯三家及古文，在兩漢之時通過經師或抄手傳聲、讀說以及轉抄等手段「製造」異文。今、古四家，在漢代存在多樣化的異本。其中反映東漢時官本歐陽《尚書》面貌的熹平石經，保留了部分早期寫本的用字特徵。利用熹平石經《尚書》殘石存留的部分校勘記，對今文三家內部差異及與《史記》引《尚書》的異同進行分析，可知大夏侯本跟《史記》往往相合，而歐陽及小夏侯偶或同於古文《尚書》。此類情況，與過去漢人師法謹嚴、今文某家最為醇正等的認知有別，亦可與今、古文《尚書》在漢初的交涉融合等現象相印證。戰國秦漢間歷時的用字變化與共時的地域或國別差異，均會對一種文獻的轉寫產生影響，新產生的文本，既可能保留底本的一些痕跡，也會呈現新的時代特質。利用文本對讀及異文分析等手段，對此類現象進行揭示，應在今後探討兩漢經書傳授甚至經學史研究中給以重視。

The “modern script” (new text) of Shangshu and its “ancient script” (old text) have always been a key aspect in the study of Shangshu, two versions of which are derived from anthologies in the different systems of editions during the Warring States period. According to the features of Warring States scripts in both form and structure as well as the contexts of regional divisions, coupled with an analysis of the copies of early texts presented in the textual variants of modern and ancient Shangshu from the Warring States period as well as the Qin and Han dynasties, a conclusion can be drawn that the original version of modern Shangshu may well have been written in the Qi state writing system before being transcribed into the scripts of the other six states of the Warring States period. It is thus unrelated to the Qin state officials in charge of history, and significantly, the master copy of the ancient script of Shangshu was also written using Qi script. Moreover, “Mang gao” 莽誥 originates from the new text of Shangshu, and the differences between quotations found in “Mang gao” and modern Shangshu also support the idea that the new text of Shangshu is derivative of the manuscripts authored in the Qi state writing system. During the Western and Eastern Han dynasties, the variant texts of modern Shangshu, the three schools of which were established by Ouyang Gao, Xiahou Sheng, and Xiahou Jian, as well as the old text of Shangshu were “produced” by masters of the Confucian classics and through the processes of inscription, reading, and translation. Although the four schools of Shangshu attempted to interpret their textual primitiveness as unchanged, the intertextuality between them led to further diversification. For example, the Xiping stone inscription of the classics, which was created in the year 175 and retains some writing characteristics of early transcripts, reflects the semblance of Ouyang Gao’s Shangshu, the official version of the Eastern Han. By collating the extant portions of the Xiping stone classics, we can perform a comparative analysis of the three schools of modern Shangshu as well as considering their relationship with Shangshu quoted within Shiji. We are then able to conclude that Xiahou Sheng’s new text of Shangshu closely matches that of Shiji in numerous parts, while the versions by Ouyang Gao and Xiahou Jian are consistent with several sections of the old text of Shangshu. The above discoveries, verified by the intertextuality between and fusion of the new and old texts of Shangshu, are remarkable as they differ significantly from the “authentic” understandings held by past masters of the Confucian classics. The transcription of a text during the Qin and Han dynasties was heavily impacted by being written using different languages or scripts in different time periods or even different regions and states. Newly produced texts would retain characteristics of the master copy, but at the same time, new characteristics of the times would emerge. This phenomenon undoubtedly requires our attention when analyzing exchanges within the teaching of the Confucian classics during the Western and Eastern Han dynasties as well as the broader study of the classics, and should be applied in the processes which compare “new” and “old” texts.