南宋廣西市馬的貨物流動與長程貿易

Cargo Flow and Long-Distance Trade of the Guangxi Horse Trade in the Southern Song Dynasty

南宋立國之初，由於北方的淪陷，宋朝失去了通過陝西一帶與西北游牧民族進行戰馬貿易的通道，為了應付對金作戰的迫切戰馬需要，南宋開始在廣西購買來自西南諸蕃的戰馬，史稱「廣馬」。現有的研究已經頗為詳細地考察了廣馬貿易的歷史經過、數量、交易方式、買賣機構、運輸路線，乃至是宋朝與西南諸蕃關係等問題。然而，既有的研究大多是從馬政的角度來看待廣馬問題，尚未注意到廣馬貿易的背後，是一個連接西南諸蕃地區與廣西、福建等地，甚至連接海外的長程貿易。本文認為，隨著因廣馬貿易而興起的自杞國侵奪了大理國的鹽池，鹽在廣馬貿易中的地位大幅下降。而西南諸蕃對錦的新興需求，使得紹興初年以鹽馬交換為標誌的廣馬貿易，到紹興中期變成以錦馬交換為主。圍繞著獲利豐厚廣馬貿易權之爭，產生了在宜州開馬市的呼聲，這背後是自杞與羅殿、邕州與宜州，乃至私錦出產地福建與廣西經略司之間的競爭。淳熙初年，在廣西經略安撫使范成大對控制福建私錦貿易的興安商人予以打擊後，經略司介入了福建錦、廣西溪洞水銀與橫山寨廣馬間的三角貿易，最終把福建錦納入了官方認可的廣馬貿易之內。

Due to the fall of its northern region, the Song Government lost the channel to trade horses with the northwest nomadic tribes across Shaanxi area in the beginning of the Southern Song. In order to satisfy the demand for horses due to the fights against the Jurchen, Song started buying horses from the southwest tribes from Guangxi, and these horses were known as “Guang Horses.” Previous studies have carefully examined the issue in terms of the process, number of horses, means of exchange, trading agencies, transportation routes and even the relationship between the Southern Song and southwest tribes. However, most existing studies makes their approach from the horse policy perspective, without noticing the meaning behind the horse trade was in fact a longdistance trade connecting the southwestern tribes with Guangxi, Fujian, and even the overseas. This paper argues that, as the Ziqi Kingdom which rose from the horse trade gradually seized the salt ponds from the Dali Kingdom, the status of salt in the horse trade declined sharply. On the other hand, the burgeoning demand for brocade from the Southwest tribes shifted the horse trade that was mainly a salt-horse exchange in the earlyShaoxing reign to instead a brocade-horse exchange after the mid-Shaoxing reign. Disputes about the lucrative horse trade rights resulted in the request to open a new horse trade market in Yizhou. Behind the request was the dispute between the Ziqi Kingdom and Luodian Kingdom, Yongzhou and Yizhou, and essentially also the conflict between Fujian, where most of the smuggled brocades originated, and the Military Commission of Guangxi. After the Guangxi Military Commissioner Fan Chengda suppressed the Xing’an merchants, who dominated the smuggled brocades of Fujian, in the early Chunxi reign, the Military Commission of Guangxi started to get involved in the triangular trade between brocades from Fujian, mercury from Guangxi and horses from these western tribes, and eventually made the Fujian brocades an officially recognized trading item in the Guangxi horse trade.