大德二年(1298)伊利汗國遣使元朝考：法合魯丁•阿合馬•惕必的出使及其背景

Background and Aftermath of Fakhr al-Dīn Ṭībī’s Voyage: A Resurvey of the Interaction between the Ilkhanate and the Yuan around 1298 AD

公元一二九八年伊利汗國君主合贊汗派遣法合魯丁•阿合馬•惕必率船隊出使元朝。此次遣使的規模、所經歷的時間均超過一二九一年馬可波羅自元朝返回時的使團。這是元─伊利汗國外交關係中的一件大事。因此，這篇論文嘗試在文本研究的基礎上，對法合魯丁出使元朝這一事件進行考察。文章共分兩個部分，分別從惕必家族興起的背景，以及法合魯丁出使、朝覲及返航經歷兩方面詳加考論。在史料版本方面，作者利用了近年在伊朗出版的幾種較重要的《瓦薩甫史》影印、整理本，又以德黑蘭大學、伊朗議會圖書館所藏的幾個早期的《瓦薩甫史》手稿進行參校，再結合漢文史料，釐清了原文中一些較為模糊的記載，並在此基礎上提供一個較為完整的譯本。筆者認為，法合魯丁•阿合馬•惕必家族是蒙古帝國背景下，具有典型性的海商世家代表。這個家族抓住了十三世紀六十年代後伊利汗國勢力向波斯灣地區擴張的契機，積極與蒙古統治者合作以排斥異己，壯大自身力量。又憑藉汗室「斡脫」的身分而晉升至伊利汗國的官僚階層，成為一亦官亦商，且坐擁軍事和海運實力的強大商業家族，控制了從波斯灣到南印度，以至中國的海上商路。正因為如此，合贊汗選擇了法合魯丁作為出使元朝的代表。《瓦薩甫史》描述法合魯丁在中國境內，以及元朝宮廷中的經歷，提供了我們觀察元成宗在位後期宮廷情況和「中賣寶貨」的寶貴資訊。根據《瓦薩甫史》的記載，我們可以看到，元朝在管理海外來華的穆斯林商人時，亦據伊斯蘭商業活動中通行之規定隨時加以調整。而法合魯丁所目擊的元成宗及其側近重臣的情況，也真實反映了大德六年（1302）「朱清、張瑄」事件後，成宗怠於政事，宮廷中舊臣為之一空的景象。《瓦薩甫史》對愛薛干預「中賣寶貨」一事的描寫，也可以被看作大德二年「珍寶欺詐案」事件的後續發展。元成宗本人對「中賣寶貨」的態度，以及當時中統鈔價值的跌落，均可與漢文史料一一對應。最後，作者指出法合魯丁出使元朝並非一孤立事件，而應該被放置在十四世紀初年，以元、伊利汗國為主發起的諸蒙古汗國約和，和試圖重新聯通蒙古帝國內部商業網絡這一宏大背景下進行考察。同時，我們也要注意到在海洋貿易網絡中，制度和知識一體化程度也正是在這個時代達到頂點。

In 1298 AD, Ghāzān khan, ruler of the Ilkhanate, dispatched Fakhr al-Dīn Aḥmad Ṭībī as his ambassador to the Yuan Empire with a merchant fleet. The onward route of this missionary coincided with the return route of Marco Polo, and as the ortaq of Mongol khan, the status and experience of them were similar. However, compared with Marco Polo, Fakhr al-Dīn played a more important role, and the experience during his trip was more marvelous. This article tries to investigate Fakhr al-Dīn’s mission with two focuses: the rise of the al-Ṭībī family; and the reconsideration of Fakhr al-Dīn’s trip. In terms of the historical sources, the author utilizes some new versions of Tārīkhi Vaṣṣāf published recently, such as the photocopied edition of the manuscript collected by the Nuru Osmaniye Library and which was published in 2009. This manuscript originally belonged to the Rashīd al-Dīn private library and was regarded as a version that is very close to the original edition. The author also referred to the new version edited by ʿAlī Riẓā Ḥājyān Najād, and some early manuscripts collected by the Library of Tehran University and the Library of Iran Parliament. Comparing with existing Chinese sources, the author provided a first-ever complete translation of the text. The author believes that Fakhr al-Dīn Aḥmad Ṭībī’s family was one of the leading maritime traders under the Mongol ruler. After the 1260s, with the invasion of the Ilkhanate to the Persian Gulf, this family seized the opportunity to cooperate with the Mongols, in order to get rid of the competitors and expand their influence in the Persian Gulf region. Ṭībī’s family then became the agent of Ilkhan in South Iran and as the ortaq merchant for the imperial households at the same time. Finally, under the rule of Jamāl al-Dīn, Kīsh had become the pivot of a maritime trading network, spanning from China, India, the Persian Gulf to present day Yemen. Noting this in mind, Ghāzān khan dispatched Fakhr al-Dīn as his ambassador to the Yuan dynasty. Vaṣṣāf’s record of Fakhr al-Dīn’s experience in China gives us a more concrete scene about the later period of Temür’s reign. According to Vaṣṣāf’s narrative, we can see that the government of the Yuan dynasty usually borrowed the Islamic administrative regulations from Ilkhanate to administer the Muslim merchants in China. Vaṣṣāf also mentioned the group of prime ministers surround the Qa’an. His report indicated that after empress Buluqan launched a political purge in 1303, nearly all the ministers served at the Central Secretariat were convicted and later demoted. The other valuable information from Vaṣṣāf was about the case of monopoly-trade in Temür Qa’an’s court. This case can be regarded as the sequel of the jewelry fraud case that happened in 1298, which recorded by Rashīd al-Dīn. Moreover, through the case of alṬībī, we can observe the actual attitude of Temür Qa’an toward monopoly-trade and the inflation of paper money in 1304 concurs with the Chinese sources. Finally, the author also indicates that the Fakhr al-Dīn delegation was not an isolated event. We should consider this case in the context of the general peace agreement of the four Mongol khanates signed in 1304. With the agreement sealed, the rulers of the Mongol khanates tried to re-open the commercial routes inside the Mongol World Empire. During the Mongol era, this network influenced the cultural and commercial exchange between western and eastern Asia significantly. With the Pax Mongolica, the exchange of information and goods via maritime route played a crucial role in this era.