明代「軍竈籍」考論

An Examination and Discussion of Military-salt Households in the Ming Dynasty

明代的「軍竈籍」是一種比較特別的戶籍名目，以往學界對其一直缺乏清晰認識，常將其誤作是「軍籍」中的一種，或以為是「竈籍」。本文通過對明代「軍竈籍」的地區分布、戶籍屬性和歷史由來的深入考察發現，主要分布在明代沿海鹽場地區的「軍竈籍」，既不能簡單地歸入為「軍籍」，也不能直接歸入為「竈籍」，它的成立與二者皆有關聯，尤與「竈籍（竈戶）」的關係密切，這背後有著複雜的歷史過程和內涵，即：在明代沿海鹽場地區竈戶與軍戶錯處、鹽課與軍役並重的歷史環境下，自明初起，既有不少竈戶一開始就身兼竈、軍二籍二役（即可謂「亦竈亦軍」），更有軍戶為躲避繁重的徭役而詭入竈戶之中（即可謂「以軍入竈」）；此類竈戶、軍戶，為圖謀竈戶差役優免的利好和逃避重役，透過明代竈戶雙重管理體制的漏洞以及里胥的操作，暗中詭寄人丁田產甚至變亂戶籍，漸而生出「軍竈籍」這種「雙籍」交叉混合的戶籍名色，並在明中葉前後賦役徵收定額化和地方財政定額管理的大趨勢下，逐漸得到地方政府的認可，從而成為一種現實存在的社會身分。「軍竈籍」的成立與存在，既意味著民間社會善於利用不同戶籍的負擔或待遇差別而進行制度套利，並因此逸出了明王朝「以役（業）定籍」的戶籍戶役管理軌道，同時也反映了明代沿海鹽場地區戶籍戶役結構及其管理制度的深刻變化。

The military-salt households (junzaoji) in the Chinese coastal salt-producing regions had a special status in the household registration system in the Ming dynasty, which differed from both the military households (junji) and the salt-producing households (zaoji or yanji), though both and especially the latter played a significant role in the formation of these military-salt households. From the early years of Ming, some households assumed both salt-producing services (yanke) and military services (junyi); hence were recognized as military households and salt-producing households at the same time. Some military households, however, illegally changed or secretly forsook their given status to salt-producing households in order to evade the heavy military services. By mid-Ming, the local government in these coastal salt-producing regions began to legalize this new dual status of military-salt households, bringing about a profound change to the household administration systems.