明清時期江漢平原里甲制度的實行及其變革

The Operation of the Li-Chia System on the Jiang-Han Plain and Reforms during the Ming-Qing Period

明初里甲制度在各地區推行過程中，表現出多種多樣的形式；各地區里甲制在明清時期的變革之跡，亦有很大差異。本文以江漢平原諸州縣（漢陽、漢川、沔陽、潛江、景陵［天門］、監利等）為中心，討論里甲制在這一區域的實行及其變革，認為：明初江漢平原諸州縣編排黃冊里甲，主要集中在已經開發的平原邊緣低崗丘陵和腹地地勢較高的圍垸地區；散布於低窪湖區、「閘辦」河湖水域、承納魚課的漁戶，則作為「業戶」被編入由河泊所管領的「業甲」，並未納入黃冊里甲系統。進入江漢平原的客民則多未入籍，其所墾垸田也多未徵科，或僅以「漁戶」身分交納「湖租」。明中後期，地方官府不斷通過清田、新編附籍里甲等手段，努力控制新墾垸田及垸民；在這一過程中，有部分新墾垸田起科納賦，也有少數垸民入籍，或由河泊所「業戶」轉變為里甲戶。清前中期，江漢平原諸州縣漸次推行按田糧編排里甲的做法，按田歸垸、按垸歸鄉，里甲遂得以落實到具有明確地域範圍的「圍垸」上，變質為以田糧為基礎、以垸為具體地域範圍的賦役徵科單位。

There were many variations in the way the Li-Chia (里甲) system was implemented and operated in different areas during the early Ming dynasty, and the system developed along different trajectories throughout subsequent changes from the mid-Ming to late-Qing. This paper is essentially a case study. We concentrate on the configuration and operation of the Li-Chia system on the Jiang-Han Plain including in Han-yang Prefecture (漢陽府), Mian-yang Sub-Prefecture (沔陽州), Qian-jiang County (潛江縣), Jing-ling County (景陵 縣), and Jian-li County (監利縣) in order to analyze the characteristics of the system in each county as well as the changes it underwent. The Li-Chia system implemented on the Jiang-Han Plain in the early Ming dynasty was mainly concentrated in the low hills located at the edges of the developed plains and in yuan (垸, “enclosed embankment”) areas on higher hinterland ground. The fishermen distributed in low-lying lake areas, who were granted government leases to fish certain rivers or lakes, and who paid the fishing tax, were incorporated into the Yeh-Chia (業甲) system (organized by industry) that was controlled by the “Ho-po-suo” (河泊所, the Fishing Tax Office), and not the Li-Chia system. Most immigrants and fishermen, the two main agents of cultivation of enclosed fields on the Jiang-Han Plain, were not brought under the census register and tax system, or were only required to pay a small amount of fishing tax. In the middle to late Ming dynasty, local governments took many measures to control the enclosed fields, such as inspections of the fields and organization of fishermen and immigrants under the new household registration system. During this period, part of the enclosed fields upon which taxes had been levied and a few people who lived in enclosed fields were included in the Li-Chia system. From the early Qing, some counties gradually adopted new taxation measures that essentially entailed calculating the number of fields and collecting of land taxes based on this number. The enclosed field gradually evolved into the basic geographical unit for the official collection of land taxes.