再敘彝倫：洪武時期的婚喪禮俗改革

Rebuilding Chinese Ethics: Reforms to Marriage and Funeral Customs during the Reign of Hongwu

以統治族群變更為表徵的元明易代，引發了中國近世歷史上一次重要的文化變革。朱明政權起源於被元季正統士大夫視為叛逆的紅巾武裝，如何論證政權的合法性，成為明代開國面臨的重要問題。在古代中國，儒家意識形態是政治合法性的基本來源；這促使當政者依照儒家理想、通過文化重建來塑造自身的正統形象。面對金元兩代遺留的胡漢雜糅、尊卑失序的社會禮俗，明初以「用夏變夷」、「復古」為號召，進行了一場大規模的禮俗變革。其中，婚喪禮俗牽涉到儒家倫理的核心內容，故此尤其受到關注。金元時代流行的收繼婚、中表婚、同姓通婚、火葬等婚喪形式，或因事涉「胡俗」，或因有悖儒家倫理，在洪武時期均被嚴令禁止。這場以正統儒家道德為依歸的禮俗變革，為朱明政權提供了有力的正統性、合法性證明，也為儒家倫理滲入民眾生活提供了有利的契機，並塑造出明代社會生活的某些樣貌和特徵。

The transition from the Yuan to the Ming dynasty, which was characterized by the change of the ruling ethnic group, had a profound effect on the history of Chinese society and culture. The Ming government originated from the Red Turban Rebellion, which was perceived to be illegal by most of the late-Yuan elite. How to establish the legitimacy of the new dynasty became a serious problem for the early Ming government. In ancient China, the foundation of political legitimacy was Confucian ideology, so the new rulers had to regulate the country according to Confucian ideals. Faced with social customs that were a mix of Han and Mongol elements, the Ming government launched a custom reform movement in the name of “abolishing barbarian custom with Chineseness” (用夏變夷) or“restoring antiquity”(復古). Marriage and funeral rites were the core components of Confucian ethics, so the new government paid special attention to them. A number of marriage and funeral customs popular during the Yuan dynasty such as levirate, endogamy, and cremation were strictly forbidden because they belonged to “barbarian custom” (胡俗) or were in conflict with orthodox Confucian ethics. Through the custom reform movement, which rebuilt Han tradition according to Confucian ideology, the Ming government successfully established its legitimacy. The reforms paved the way for Confucian ethics to come into the everyday practice. At the same time, this also established the foundational values and regulations of Ming society.