零工經濟之外國立法案例

Foreign Legislative Cases for the Gig Economy

哈佛學者Diane Mulcahy於2016年提出「零工經濟」（Gig economy）的概念，意思即是自僱者透過承接短期工作為生的經濟模式。他們的每項工作就被稱為「零工工作」（gig work），以短期合約或自由工作等「接案式」工作為主。根據諸多調查報告，「零工經濟人口」到2019年底，將占據主要先進國家社會「全勞動人口」的35%，且其總計生產值實已到達「足以改變國家社會結構樣態與構成的份額配置狀況」。然而零工經濟下的勞工，不論在勞動條件、勞動工作權、福利及保障上，對於整個勞動市場來說，皆有許多爭議且因此種工作型態過於新穎，在法制規定上，尚未跟進及有諸多不足之處。
本文針對美國、英國、西班牙及日本等四個國家對於零工經濟所採取之實際的因應措施，藉以瞭解各國如何應對此一新經濟模式，將有助於我國積極推動零工經濟產業，並對其有一定的保障基礎。

Harvard scholar Diane Mulcahy proposed the concept of“gig economy”in 2016, which means that self-employed people make a living by undertaking short-term jobs. Each of their jobs is called“gig work”, mainly based on“acceptance”work such as short-term contracts or freelance work. According to many survey reports, the“gig economy population”will account for 35% of the“total labor population”in major advanced countries by the end of 2019, and its total production value has actually reached a share allocation“enough to change the state and composition of the country’s social structure.”However, workers in the gig economy, whether in terms of labor conditions, labor rights, benefits and security, have many controversies for the entire labor market.
Because this type of work is too new, it has not yet been followed up and implemented in terms of legal regulations. There are many shortcomings. This article focuses on the actual responses to the gig economy in four countries including the United States, the United Kingdom, Spain and Japan, so as to understand how countries respond to this new economic model, which will help my country actively promote the gig economy industry and contribute to it a certain basis of protection.