東亞的來世論一種去全球化的「地域史時間」與「星球化實踐」

Afterlife of East Asia: Toward the Deglobalization Regional History Time and Planetization Thinking

亞洲從18世紀以來即面臨歐美強權的介入，經歷現代化與全球化的雙重影響之後，自1990年代起，隨著氣候變遷問題浮上檯面，亞洲發展中國家更面臨各種國際環境保護條款的約束。晚近人類世（Anthropocene）議題的出現，雖讓人們察覺到自身作為一種地質作用力（geological force）以及星球（planetary）面臨氣候變遷的歷史性時刻，卻因為將人類處境化約為「全球一體」（one-worldism）的均質化邏輯，抹消了亞洲在區域發展上的權益與差異性。在此情況下，要如何在人類世裡重新描繪亞洲面對到的全球化挑戰與星球化的難題？
本文藉由學者孫歌與陳光興等人對於「亞洲」的論述，連結到迪佩什．查卡拉巴提（Dipesh Chakrabarty）提出的「地區化歐洲」（provincializing Europe）與「地區化人類世」（provincialize the Anthropocene）的構想，並透過貝拿爾．斯蒂格勒（Bernard Stiegler）與許煜（Yuk Hui）等人對於地理、思維與技術多樣性的描述，指出「去全球化」（deglobalization）不應是為了要重返「國族主義」（nationalism）、隱含排他性的「本土主義」（localism），而是朝向星球思維的契機。並進一步探究東亞地區的佛教系統中，具有跨地域特質的「輪迴」（reincarnation）時間觀念，如何在「地區化人類世」之後的東亞地域，提供不同的時間觀與倫理實踐，回應當前東亞在面對星球史敘事的挑戰時，可能扭轉人類世隱含的末世論之思維、倫理與方向。

This paper analyzes the discussions of“Asian”history conducted by Ge Sun and Kuang-hsing Chen, and connects them to the ideas of provincializing Europe and the Anthropocene proposed by Chakrabarty in 2000 and 2018, respectively. In addition, through the descriptions given by Bernard Stiegler and Yuk Hui on geographic, intellectual, and technological diversity, this paper argues that deglobalization is not about returning to nationalism and localism that is implicitly exclusive; or about reverting to the ancestral regional traditions. It is actually about moving toward a perspective of planetary history without erasing the differences between regional histories. Furthermore, by exploring how the temporal concept of reincarnation—a cross-regional concept present in Buddhist systems across India, Mainland Southeast Asia, Taiwan, Japan, and various other regions-differs from the linear history in Western mainstream historical writings, this paper provides a different temporal concept and narrative perspective for the regional history during the post-deglobalization period. Through this, we may reflect on how Asia, when narrating the planetary history, can retain the characteristics of regional history narration, and at the same time, take into account the concept of time commonly embedded in the regional culture. Finally, this paper proposes the idea of“Reincarnatecene”as the practical ethics and direction that may reverse the implied eschatology of the Anthropocene in response to the current challenges of planetary historiography for the regions of Asia.