監察證據標準的理論闡釋與優化路徑

監察證據標準是監察機關在案件審查調查過程中，依法收集、固定、審查、運用證據所應當達到的標準，屬監察制度的重要組成部分。監察證據標準的體系化建設既有利於推進反腐敗工作的法治化、規範化，也有利於構建符合監察規律的真相發現機制。只有在理論層面厘清監察證據標準的分歧，才能在實踐層面正確把握“三類案件”的處理和“四種形態”的運用。在橫向層面，可依案件類型將監察證據標準分為違紀案件審查證據標準、職務違法案件調查證據標準與職務犯罪案件調查證據標準；在縱向層面，可依案件處理流程分為初核證據標准、立案證據標準、採取特定審查調查措施的證據標準與結案證據標準。制定科學體系化監察證據標準，需要重點解決抽象標準與具體標準、統一標準與差異標準、強制標準與指引標準之間的關係問題，完成對監察證據標準“四梁八柱”的設置。在此基礎上，才能進一步展開對某一具體證據標準的構設。

The standard for supervisory evidence refers to the threshold that the supervisory organs should meet when lawfully collecting, confirming, examining and using evidence in the process of case review and investigation. It is a crucial part of the supervisory system. The systematic construction of supervision evidence standards is not only conducive to promoting the rule of law and standardization of anti- corruption work, but also conducive to building a mechanism of discovery in compliance with the laws of supervision. Only by clarifying the differences in supervisory evidence standard in theory, can we deal with “three types of cases” and apply “four forms” appropriately in practice. Horizontally, according to the types of cases, the standard of supervisory evidence can be divided into three kinds, including the evidence standard concerning disciplinary case review, duty violation case investigation and duty crime investigation. Vertically, according to the process, the standard of supervisory evidence can be categorized into four stages, including the evidence standard of initial verification, filing, taking specific examination and investigation measures, and closing the case. In order to formulate scientific systematic supervisory evidence standard, it is necessary to focus on properly dealing with the relationships between abstract standard and concrete standard, uniform standard and differential standard, compulsory standard and guideline standard, and to complete the setting of supervisory evidence standard, or in other words, the “four beams and eight pillars” of the supervisory evidence standard. On this basis, the establishment of a specific evidence standard can be further developed.