中國人權法學“三個基本”重構

現有中國人權法學在基本概念、基本問題和基本理論上均存有瑕疵。基本概念的缺陷在於拼湊、虛置和片面；基本問題的短板在於規範上的封閉與價值上的單一；基本理論的限度在於話語、制度和道路自信的缺失。中國人權法學“三個基本”的重構邏輯是重塑概念、導入問題、昇華理論。基本概念可以通過價值基礎、構造層次和話語表述進行完善。基本問題既需從規範層面融貫知識構成、整合實施機制，還需從價值層面深化人權法治的聯繫、突出中國道路的特徵。基本理論在本體理論中完成兩個超越，在經驗理論中以特殊支撐普遍，在治理理論中正視並堅定立場。如果將基本概念視為“點”作為人權現象的突破口，那麼基本問題就可以視為“線”，將這些散點串聯所形成的層級關係，進而基本理論就可以視為“體”，將基本問題在空間維度上展開，更全面地觀察思考人權現象。中國人權法學“三大基本”關係：在因果關系上，“三個基本”是從原因到結果的循環鏈條；在論證方法上，“三個基本”是從歸納到演繹的方法轉換；在知識體系上，“三個基本”是從核心到系統的視角展開。

With regard to human rights jurisprudence, Chinese scholars have different views on the fundamental concepts, issues and theories (hereinafter the “three fundamentals”). Firstly, the fundamental concepts are flawed in its patchwork articulation, fiction and fragmented approach; secondly, the fundamental issues are disadvantaged in closed norms and single value; thirdly, the fundamental theory dwarfs itself for insufficient confidence in the doctrine's discourse, system and road. The rationale for reinterpreting the “three fundamentals” of human rights jurisprudence in China is to reshape the concept, introduce the issue, and develop the theory. Considering challenges aforementioned, the fundamental concepts can be refined by value basis, construction layers and discourse enunciation. The fundamental issues shall, from the normative aspect, assimilate theoretical background and implementation mechanism; and deepen the inner-connection between human rights and the rule of law and highlight the characteristics of the Chinese road in regard of value-building. The fundamental theory shall go beyond its ontological theory, support universality with particularity via empirical theory, and address China's firm position via governance theory. If we perceive the fundamental concepts as “dots”—also the breakthrough of human rights observation, then the fundamental issues would be “lines”—the hierarchical relationship strung by scattered dots; furthermore, the fundamental theory could be regarded as “body”— to further examine and reflect human rights phenomenon by spreading the fundamental issues across spatial dimension. The “three fundamentals” of Chinese human rights jurisprudence exhibit the following observations: as for causal link, the “three fundamentals” constitute a circular chain from cause to effect; as for argumentation methodology, the “three fundamentals” display a logic framework shift from induction to deduction; as for knowledge system, the “three fundamentals” uncover a profound perspective from core to systematic construction.