漢晉之際「君臣一體」論發微

On the“Unity between the Monarch and the Officials”during the Han-Jin Transition

自東漢晚期始，士人議政者每持「君臣一體」之論。此種表述，與儒家經典尤其是《儀禮．喪服傳》中，僅以「一體」指涉父子、夫妻或昆弟等「至親」關係的傳統用法不同，乃屬其時流行之新現象和新觀念。本文指出，禮制意義上的「一體」概念，在東漢逐漸成為時人論述政治權力傳遞或分享之正當性的核心話語，循此觀之，「君臣一體」論的標舉，原與外戚政治語境下的「夫妻一體」或「帝后一體」有密切關聯，它和「公私之辨」的連攜，成為漢末士人鬆動皇后及外戚權力正當性的重要理論依據；而隨著這觀念的日益盛行，其更具備了作為治國之道的普遍意義，持續對魏晉之際的政治秩序產生影響，並為士人階層爭取更高的政治地位張本。在此脈絡下，漢晉之際的「君臣一體」論，即從最初賴以抗衡外戚勢力的對治之策，發展而為支撐著士人操持大政的觀念基石；而對「君臣一體」論的發幽探賾，也因而正好提示了我們，從外戚政治到士族政治這一中古皇帝權力結構的轉變時期，原是存在過這樣一條作用於意識形態上的隱微跡線。

Since the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, gentries had often expressed political views with the“unity between the monarch and the officials”argument. The expression indicated a popular new phenomenon and a new concept at the time, and differed from the traditional view on merely using“unity”between father and son, husband and wife, or between brothers in Confucian classics, especially in“Treatise on Mourning Attire”in the Book of Ceremonies（《儀禮．喪服傳》）. This paper points out that the“unity”concept as related with ceremonies and rituals gradually became part of the core discourse on the propriety of transition or sharing of political power. Consequently, the advocacy of the“unity between the monarch and the officials”was closely related with the“unity between husband and wife”or“unity between the emperor and the empress”within the context of political participation of relatives of imperial consorts. The“unity between the monarch and the officials,”combined with the“distinction between the pubic and the private,”became the key theoretical ground to cast doubt on the legitimacy of power of empresses or relatives of imperial consorts. As this concept gradually became more and more popular, it gained universal significance as a way to manage the nation. It continued to influence political order during the Wei-Jin transition and even helped to raise the political standing of the gentry. In this context, the“unity between the monarch and the officials”concept developed from the initial measure to counter the political power of relatives of imperial consorts, to the cornerstone to support the gentries’management of politics during the Han-Jin transition. The exploration of the significance of the“unity between the monarch and the officials”argument reminds us that there existed an implicit thread as political power transitioned from relatives of imperial consorts to gentries in the imperial political power structure of the medieval period.