從《書儀》看司馬光的喪葬觀

Sima Guang’s Idea of Funeral from the Viewpoint of Shuyi

時至宋代，儒家傳統喪葬禮遭遇了前所未有的考驗。風水堪輿之學、佛教輪迴之說、少數民族喪葬傳統等多方面共同作用下，民間喪俗呈現出迥異於傳統喪禮的多元化特徵，甚至士大夫和皇室喪禮都受此影響。司馬光作為以禮治國的倡導者，於是整合《儀禮》與《禮記》中相關篇章，參以多數經典文獻，根據北宋境況損益古禮，致力於重建一套適用於民間的完整喪葬儀文。
本文以司馬光所撰《書儀》中的〈喪儀〉文本為主要研究對象，結合司馬光其他著作中的相關論述，陳述司馬光對不同類型禮俗矛盾的不同態度，歸納其去取標準，旨在揭示背後以禮學為本位，以維護儒家地位為宗旨，以禮義為考量準則，因時制宜，積極復禮的根本寄託。

This thesis mainly focuses on the chapter Sangyi in Shuyi, abook of rites, written by Sima Guang(司馬光, 1019-1086), along with relevant researches that Sima Guang had discussed in other works, to investigate his idea of funeral.
In Song Dynasty, traditional Confucian funeral rites faced unprecedented tests. Under the combined effect of many aspects such as Feng Shui, Buddhist reincarnation theory, and ethnic minorities’tradition, funeral customs among the folk show their diverse characteristics that are completely different from traditional funeral rites. Even scholar-officials’and imperial funerals are affected. Sima Guang, who advocates governing the country with rites, integrated relevant chapters in Yili and Liji. He referred to agreat deal of classic documents, and made some adjustment to traditional Confucian funeral rites according to circumstances at that time, devoting himself to rebuilding appropriate funeral rites for the people.
This thesis aims to achieve three goals: firstly, to introduce Sima Guang's different attitudes toward different kinds of contradictions between rites and customs. Secondly, to summarize his criteria for adopting or opposing acertain custom. Most importantly, to reveal the fundamental implications behind his writing——taking the side of ritual study(Li) to rethink customs, safeguarding the dominance of Confucianism, and treating the immanent spirit of rite as principle.