漢代律學視域下的宇宙圖式——律數、易數與緯學的關係

The Relationship between Music Temperament ,Yi and Wei: Cosmological Patterns in the Field of Han Dynasty Music Studies

漢代思想融合了易學、陰陽五行、律曆術數等理論，以數字建立了一個統一和諧的宇宙圖式。樂律在漢代思想中具有特殊地位，認為音律是萬物生滅的根本法則之一，與《周易》哲學的以「氣」一元論為本的觀點有相通之處。具體到易數與律數的配比，有如下方式：1、劉歆等將易數九六與律數陰陽，亦即黃鐘九寸、林鐘六寸相聯繫；2、《白虎通》、《樂緯叶圖徵》將八卦與律呂相配；3、《易緯乾元序制記》、《周易參同契》等將十二辟卦與律呂相配，其中《參同契》中十二卦、十二月與十二律的配法為後世廣泛接受；4、鄭玄將乾坤二卦的十二爻辰與十二律相配，以符合「律娶妻而呂生子」之說。至於京房的六十律及六十律值日之說則與易學無直接的關係。由此不僅可見漢代術數建構逐漸完善的趨勢，亦可見律數在這個過程中地位逐漸提高，以至於「以律統易」。

The ideology of the Han dynasty incorporated theories from various fields such as Yi (the Book of Changes), Yin-Yang and Five Elements, as well as musical temperament and Calendar calculation. They used numerical values to create an unified and harmonious cosmological pattern. Musical temperament, in particular, held aspecial position in Han ideology as it was believed that the principles of music governed the birth and death of all things, which was similar to the concept of Qi in the philosophy of Yi.
In terms of the pairing of numerology in Yi and numerology in music theory, there were several methods, including: 1) Liu Xin(劉歆) and others paired the numeral 9and 6of Yi with Yin-Yang of musical temperament, which linked Huangzhong(黃鐘C) nine inches and Linzhong(林鐘G) six inches; 2) Baihu Tong(These developments not only demonstrate the trend of the gradual improvement of the Han dynasty's numerology theory, but also the rising importance of musical temperament in the process, to the point where it became known as leading Yi by musical temperament.白虎通) and Yuewei Xietuzheng(樂緯叶圖徵) paired the Eight Trigrams with music tones; 3) Yiwei Qianyuanxuzhiji(易緯乾元序制記) and Zhouyi Cantongqi(周易參同契) paired the twelve growth and decline trigrams(十二消息卦) of Yi with twelve tones, and the pairing method of the twelve trigrams, twelve months, and twelve tones in Cantongqi was widely accepted in later generations; 4) Zheng Xuan(鄭玄) paired the twelve Yao(爻) of Qian(乾) and Kun(坤) with the twelve tones to conform to the saying“Yang tones take wives and Yin tones gives birth to sons.”However, Jing Fang(京房)’s theory of the sixty pitches and the system of assigning specific pitches to each day had no direct relationship with Yi.
These developments not only demonstrate the trend of the gradual improvement of the Han dynasty's numerology theory, but also the rising importance of musical temperament in the process, to the point where it became known as leading Yi by musical temperament.