美國法律如何防控外國威脅──基於美國國家安全法律的考察

美國國家安全法律已經建構起內容繁多、體系複雜的外國威脅防控機制，涵蓋了政治安全，國防、情報與數據安全，經濟和技術安全等重要領域。美國國家安全法律對外國威脅的防控呈現出應勢而變、外嚴內寬的基本特徵。這一特徵背後的核心影響因素在於美國對本國利益優先的堅持和對公民憲法權利的重視。為了更好地應對美國國家安全法律體系，維護我國主權、安全、發展利益，我國應當及時完善應對思路:在事前預防階段，要立足美國國家安全戰略預判其國家安全立法、執法走向，加強我國各類主體在國家安全領域的法律風險防控，並完善涉外法治人才的培養體制;在事後救濟階段，要善於運用美國國內分權制衡的憲法機制，善於運用美國憲法法律中關於個人權利的規定，並將法律手段和其他手段相結合。

The national security laws of the United States has formed a complex foreign threats prevention and control mechanism covering multiple sensitive fields, including political security, national defense, intelligence and data security, economic and technology security, etc. To prevent and control foreign threats, the national security laws of the United States demonstrate a basic characteristic of ''adapting to the actual situation by applying loose policies domestically and strict policies abroad''. The main reason behind such a characteristic is the country's stance of putting the interests of the United States and the constitutional rights of American citizens first. Under the pressure of the US national security law, and for reaching the goal of safeguarding the sovereignty, security, and development interests of China, the Chinese government needs to improve its reactions in time in the following aspects. At the prevention stage, measures should be taken to predict the direction of the national security legislation and law enforcement of the United States, to enhance various Chinese entities' ability to prevent and control legal risk in the national security sector, and to train more law specialists on international law and foreign laws. At the r emedy stage, the American constitutional separation of powers, checks and balances , and the rules on personal rights in the US Constitution should be made full use of. In addition, legal means should also be implemented together with other means.