重大誤解中的過錯要素──意思自治與信賴保護之平衡

在重大誤解制度中，過錯的主要表現形式是過失。依據意思表示錯誤中表意人和受領人的過錯對撤銷權及損害賠償的影響，可以將不同國家和地區的立法分為相對人過錯要件型、過錯排除撤銷型、過錯非要件型以及過錯賠償要件型四種主要模式。我國法上重大誤解之撤銷權及損害賠償的法律效果，應基於雙方不同的過錯情形，作出不同解釋:第一，撤銷權之享有不應以發生錯誤一方主觀上無過錯為要件，《總則編解釋》第19條第2款之但書亦不應包括表意人主觀上存在過失的情形。第二，《民法典》第157條應作限縮解釋，排除發生重大誤解的表意人在賠償責任上的過錯要件。第三，若雙方對錯誤之發生均無過失，亦無可歸責性，則應適用風險分配規則，由表意人承擔賠償責任;但若錯誤的發生可歸責於相對人，則表意人可免於賠償。第四，相對方不存在合理信賴，應構成損害賠償的排除事由，但雙方都存在重大過失時，不免除發生錯誤一方的賠償責任。

In the major misunderstanding system, the main manifestation of fault is negligence. According to the impact of the fault of the expresser and recipient on revocation and damage compensation in mistake of expression of will, the laws of different countries and regions can be divided into four major types: recipient fault element type, fault exclusion revocation type, non-fault element type and fault compensation element type. The right of revocation and legal consequences of compensation for major misunderstandings in China's legislation should be interpreted differently based on different fault situations of both parties. First, the requirement for the right of revocation should not consist of subjectively no-fault of the party who made the mistake. The proviso to the second paragraph of Article 19 of the Supreme People's Court's Interpretation of the General Provisions should not include the subjective negligence of the expresser. Second, the interpretation of Article 157 of the PRC Civil Code should be narrowed to exclude the fault element of the expresser's liability for compensation if a major misunderstanding. Third, if neither party has fault for the mistake, nor is attributable, the rules of risk allocation shall apply, and the declarant shall bear the liability for compensation; but if the mistake is attributable to the counterparty, then the declarant is exempt from compensation. Fourth, the fact that the counterparty does not have reasonable reliance should be an exclusion for damages compensation, but when both parties are at fault, it does not exempt the party who made the mistake from the liability for compensation.