論數據持有者權──構建資料流程通利用秩序的新範式

數據是人類社會活動的“副產品”，數據經過不斷加工處理成為了人類認知世界的原材料，也成為了數據經濟時代新的生產要素。數據的社會化流通利用是人類進入數據智能時代的新問題，不能援用傳統的產權範式，而需要根據數據作為生產要素的特點，配置最大化實現數據社會價值的新型產權規則。數據權利配置不是對數據控制(支配)的保護，而是旨在保護數據加工使用(價值創造)和流通利用之利益，本文稱之為數據持有者權。相對于傳統產權，數據持有者權本質上是構建數據流通利用秩序的一種財產治理範式。數據持有者權以價值或利益識別區分保護為基礎，並不消滅數據上疊存的合法利益，以實現數據社會化流通利用為目標，需要配合適當的數據治理體系才能有效運行。

Data is the ''by-product'' of human social activities. Data is continuously processed and reused as the raw material for cognition of the world, thereby becoming a new factor of production. Data sharing by all social entities is a new issue in the era of data intelligence. Instead of following the traditional property rights paradigm, we need to develop a ''property rights on data'' system to maximize the social value of data according to the characteristics of data. The allocation of data rights is not to protect the control (domination) of data, but to protect the interests of data processing ( value creation) and data sharing, which can be called data holder's rights. Compared with traditional property rights, it is based on the definition of value or interests instead of the object. The right does not eliminate the legitimate interests coexisting in data, and it can only be excised effectively based on a proper governance regime. In essence, the data holder's right is a governance paradigm to achieve the order of data sharing and utilization.