刑法教義學中的形式理性

形式理性是與實質理性相對應的兩種思維方法，基於罪刑法定原則，在刑法解釋中，應當嚴格堅守以形式理性為基礎的形式思維。根據形式解釋論，在刑法解釋的時候，應當以可能語義作為最寬的解釋邊界，並且禁止類推。形式解釋論是以刑法文本為解釋物件，將法律含義限制在法律文本的語義範圍之內。法律適用由於涉及對案件事實的認定，它不同于刑法解釋，所以可以採用實質判斷的方法，透過現象看本質，獲得對事實真相的認知。當然，即使是在案件事實的認定中，實質判斷還是受到一定的限制。例如當某一行為在前置法中是合法的情況下，就不能通過實質判斷予以入罪。因此，對刑法解釋與刑法適用應當加以區隔。對刑法解釋要堅持形式解釋論的立場，對刑法適用則可以採用實質判斷的方法。只有這樣，才能較好地解決刑法教義學中的形式理性與實質理性的關係。

Formal rationality is an analytical method as opposed to substantive rationality. The principle of legality requires the adherence to formal reasoning based on formal rationality in the interpretation of the criminal law. According to the theory of formal interpretation, when interpreting the criminal law, the possible meanings of the legal texts should be used as the broadest boundary of interpretation, and analogy should be prohibited. Formal interpretation theory is based on criminal law texts as the object of interpretation, limiting the meaning of law to the semantic scope of legal texts. Since the application of law involves the determination of the facts of the case, it is different from the interpretation of the criminal law, so the method of substantive judgment can be adopted to see the essence through the phenomenon and obtain the understanding of the truth. Of course, even in the determination of the facts of the case, the substantive judgment is still subject to certain restrictions. For example, when an act is lawful in the antecedent, it can not be criminalized by substantive judgment. Therefore, a distinction should be made between the interpretation of criminal law and the application of criminal law. The interpretation of criminal law should adhere to the position of formal interpretation, and the method of substantive judgment can be adopted for the application of criminal law. Only in this way can we better solve the relationship between formal reasoning and substantive reasoning in criminal law doctrines.