氣象與宛在：先秦儒學典籍中「如」字的表現美學與存在能動性

The Expressive Aesthetics and Existential Dynamism of“如”in the Pre-Qin Confucian Classics

本文意欲考究「如」字意涵，以《論語》為核心，旁及先秦儒學典籍，闡明主體現身的美學及其張力。「如」字如果作為形容詞詞尾的時候，會被解釋為「樣子」，那是一個身體展演的結果。然而，「如」字作為「像」來解釋的時候，那是一種本體與客體、此與彼，二者幾乎要同一相等的情況。在分明是二者的情況之下，盡量追求同一的存在樣貌，充滿密度與張力。由「像」引申出來的條件句的「如」字，則代表了一種情境的提取與想像。我分別以「本體樣態」、「仿擬樣態」、「想像樣態」標誌「如」的三種特質，而這三種特質很好地濃縮於「祭如在」的表述之中。我將論證「祭如在」具有豐富飽滿的美學意涵（即感性認識作用），而且這種靈動活潑的特性，除了在祭儀中展現，也很巧妙地展現於孔子「循循善誘」的點撥教化手法，此乃是一種刻意不斷變化主體現身的位置與狀態，目的在於以逗引之姿啟發學生，並藉此成就更好的德行。

This paper analyzes the meaning of the character“如”(rú) while using the Analects of Confucius and the classics of Pre-Qin Confucianism as the core study materials. The intent of this study is to clarify the aesthetics and tension which the word manifests. If the word“如”is used as the suffix of an adjective, it would be interpreted as“appearance”, which is the result of a physical performance. However, when the word“如”is interpreted as“to resemble”, it becomes a situation in which noumenon and object, this and that, are almost the same and equal. When the latter is clearly the case, it is an attempt to achieve an identical appearance of existence, full of density and tension. The word“如”in a conditional sentence derived from“to resemble”represents the extraction and imagination of a situation. I use the terms“noumenon-like state”,“imitation-like state”and“imagination-like state”to mark the three characteristics of“如”, and these three characteristics are well-encapsulated in the expression of“祭如在”(“One sacrifices as if [the deceased] were present”). I will demonstrate that“祭如在”has rich and full aesthetic meaning (i.e. the role of perceptual cognition), and its flexible and vivid properties are not only apparent in ceremonial rituals, but are also cleverly displayed in Confucius’s educational doctrine that“orderly instruction leads with skill”. This is a way of deliberately and constantly changing the position and state of the subject’s appearance for the purpose of enhancing students’capacity for inspiration and reflection, and ultimately leading them to become more virtuous.