論文廷式之政教說：淵源、表達與變動

Wen Tingshi’s Politico-Religious Discourse: Its Origins, Expressions, and Evolution

近代士人文廷式 (1856-1904) 以詞人而為學人，並身繫政局之重。他出入中西新舊之學，在複雜的政治文化環境中形成了博而可約的政教論說，是清季新學的重要個案。本文檢討相關文獻，說明研究文氏政教說的方法與意義。之後按時序展示文氏的史學取向、儒者立場、佛學趣味和他的時務思考。此後，通過考察他眼中的宗教源流，尤其是「婆羅門教─基督教」系譜，本文指出其意在強調孔學之兼容性以及中國政教之優越性。復次，通過分析文廷式分別儒釋、同尊兩家的言語，本文著眼於他的政教觀受佛學影響所呈現的變動：在晚年論說中，文氏革新君主制的思想傾向趨於強烈。結語選取黃遵憲 (1848-1905) 的相似議論，與文氏之說加以比較，說明清季新學在知識上的模糊性與政治上的折中性。

As a celebrated poet and established Confucian scholar, Wen Tingshi文廷式(1856-1904) was also a significant political figure in late Qing China. Drawing on old and new intellectual resources, Wen formulated a profound but succinct theory of politics and religion during the Jiawu甲午-Gengzi庚子Period. His theory is an important example of traditional China’s responses to western influences. The introduction of this paper reviews the relevant literature and explains the method and significance of studying Wen’s theory of politics and religion. Next, in chronological order, this paper shows Wen’s hybrid intellectual background and his thoughts on dealing with the moral-political risks of Qing current affairs. In addition, by examining the origins of world religions in the eyes of Wen Tingshi, especially the genealogy of“Brahmanism Christianity,”this paper elucidates Wen’s views on politics and religion and points out that Wen’s theory is intended to emphasize the compatibility of Confucianism and the superiority of Chinese politics and religion. Thirdly, this paper demonstrates the evolution of Wen’s views on politics and religion by analyzing how, in his later years, Wen Tingshi came to accept and equally respect Buddhism together with Confucianism; and, under the influence of Buddhism, he came to strongly believe in reforming the monarchy. Finally, the conclusion compares Wen’s theory to similar ideas of Huang Zunxian黃遵憲(1848-1905) in order to illustrate the fuzziness of knowledge and the political eclecticism in the new learning of the Qing Dynasty.