政治經濟發展：台灣與東亞國家經驗的檢視

Political and Economic Development: Investigating the Experiences in Taiwan and the East Asia

本文回顧近年來政治經濟發展的研究。文中處理兩個主要的議題，第一個是國家在經濟發展中的角色，包括產業政策以及經濟自由化政策。產業政策部分討論贏家挑選政策、產業政策實踐上的差異、技術官僚與統治者之間的關係、影響發展途徑選擇的結構性因素，以及近年來發展型國家的轉型。其次，發展國家論的著重在工業政策，對經濟自由化政策常以經濟發展的另一種選項視之。本文討論國家如何交互使用這兩項政策，另外也分析影響經濟改革推動的制度與結構性因素。挑選贏家的過程中需將資源分配到最有潛力的部門，經濟自由化改革也需移除壟斷與保護，都面對政治壓力。因此，本文著重分析政府在推動經濟發展政策時所面臨的政治壓力，以及在哪些條件下可以克服這些反對。本文另一個主題則是回顧所得分配與社會安全的課題，討論影響東亞與台灣社會安全保障制度發展背後的政經因素，影響民眾所得重分配偏好的要素，以及所得分配對於民主體制支持與穩定的作用。

We review two important topics in the field of political and economic development. We discuss how states employ industrial policies and economic liberalization to promote economic development. Within the industrial policy framework, we delve into the issues of choosing winners, difference in industrial policy implementations, the relationship between technocracy and the rulers, structural factors that affect industrial policy choices, and the transformations of developmental states in recent years. Secondly, the debates surrounding developmental state center on industrial policies and mainly view economic liberalization policies as an alternative option. We shed light on how countries employ these two policies in an interactive manner and proceed to analyze the institutional and structural factors that affect the promotion of economic reforms. Selecting the potential winners and pushing through economic reforms both face political oppositions. Therefore, this article pays special attention to the political pressures confronted by governments when promoting these policies, as well as the conditions under which these oppositions can be effectively overcome. Finally, this paper offers an overview of income distribution and social security, with a specific focus on the factors influencing the development and evolution of the social safety net in Taiwan and East Asia. We also discuss when citizens prefer income redistribution and how income distribution is associated with popular support for democracy.