轉型管理的興起、定位及新治理構思：自成一家的演變及挑戰

Transition Management as a New Governance Approach to Sustainability: Theoretical Evolution from Building to Positioning to Facing Challenges

近20 年來，一個新興領域「轉型研究」主要從歐洲興起。當我國仍追求發展型國家如何轉型時，多個歐洲國家已確定「永續」是發展目標以因應氣候變遷，並研發社會科學的不同子途徑如「轉型管理」。不僅新的大型研究計畫、機構及學術刊物陸續成立，更重要是越來越多的轉型研究應用到現實政策中，如能源轉型、減塑、淨零碳排等。轉型管理的理論背景多元，最主要之一即來自公共行政的治理研究，但由於它也強調科技創新及新社會方案以追求永續，因此亦從自然科學的複雜系統理論及跨領域的科技研究學獲得關鍵資源。然而，當多元的理論背景為轉型管理帶來支持時，這也引起湊合之議。此外，由於「追求永續」占據了轉型研究理論的規範制高點，也引起理論及所屬各子途徑都遭質疑欠缺政治考量、甚至隱含目的論的嚴厲批評，使其變成看似一個自圓其說的研究領域。本文除先大體解析轉型研究中各途徑類型及定位外，也再分析轉型管理如何回應批評，最後評述該途徑如能借助挖掘事件或政策動態過程，亦即以更多具體個案研究而呈現及處理永續轉型時的政治時，也就是不過度著重在抽象理論及概念澄清的話，將更能反映自成一家的實力。此外，本文最後建議轉型管理的學理可應用至我國淨零碳排政策規劃及執行中，畢竟它已對國家永續轉型發展出多面且豐富的治理途徑知識。若我國政策在欠缺學理帶領下，可能將只是另一個傳統型態的大型政府計畫而已。

Since the early 2000s, several European countries have embraced sustainability as the cornerstone of their national development strategies. Their policymakers usually work closely with scholars to develop creative governance approaches that could help them realize and facilitate their countries’ transition to sustainability. The new field of transition studies (TS) has grown rapidly and substantially. Several European governments, as well as the governing bodies of different international organizations such as the European Environmental Agency, have invested large grants in the field and helped build several research institutions. The Transition Study inherits academic assets from governance studies. It also invites research from interdisciplinary fields like science and technology studies and system theories to address the fundamental question of how to achieve transition. With its rapid growth, TS faces both theoretical and practical criticism. This review article attempts to trace TS’s theoretical background and to analyze how it has evolved in other fields, with a focus on one of its sub-policy approaches, Transition Management (TMgt). It also presents an analysis of how TS and TMgt respond to their respective challenges. Based on this analysis, TS and TMgt have gained enough momentum so that they will be able to generate significant impacts on both practical policymaking and academic studies. In addition, this article suggests that Taiwan’s net zero policy should use them as scientific backbones in order to achieve a national sustainability transition.