《左傳》、《國語》「職」與「職貢」析論

An Analysis of“Zhí”and“ZhíGong”in Zuo Zhuan and Guo Yu

本文因前人說解《左傳》、《國語》「職」與「貢」未清處，經梳理二書「職」之記載，知「職」作名詞有「職司內容」與「官職」二義，作動詞有「主」義。依身分不同，天子、諸侯、卿大夫與官吏各有其「職司內容」。掌理「職司內容」者則有「官」名，「職」與「官」可謂一體兩面。授予「職」之「賦職」者與接受「職」之「受職」者，乃以盟誓方式確立關係。「受職」者踐行其「職」而有「貢」是謂「職貢」，指諸侯對天子或盟主有「歲之常貢」。然「職」字本不具「貢」義，故「職貢」不得省稱為「職」。除晉、魯二國，諸侯國內卿大夫對國君基本無「貢」之責。上揭二國卿大夫有「貢」於君，實因國君軍政大權遭卿大夫瓜分，二國卿大夫乃「貢于公」以維持國君支度。

Although the senior scholars had explained about the words “Zhí” and “Gong” in Zuo Zhuan and Guo Yu, but there are still some parts are unexplained. After sorting out the word “Zhí” of these two classics, it comes out two parts of speech, one is used as noun to explain as the responsibility of a post or official position; the other is used as a verb to explain as be in charge of something. Depend on identities whether the emperor, vassals, “Qīng Dà-fū” (minister) and local government officials were granted different responsibilities. Therefore, those who were in charge of “Zhí” (affairs) had their equivalent “Guan” (official titles). The words “Zhí” & “Guan” are two sides of the same coin. Those who assigned official titles were “Fù Zhí Zhě”, and those who accepted responsibilities were “Shòu Zhí Zhě”; they established relationships through oaths. Those “Shòu Zhí Zhě” practiced their responsibilities and got “Gong” (tributes). It was so-called “Zhí Gong”. However, the word “Zhí” does not have the meaning of “Gong”, normally “Zhí Gong” cannot be abbreviated as “Zhí”, except for “Jìn” State and “Lǔ” State, and basically “Qīng” & “Dà-fū” in other states had no duty to pay “Gong” to vassals. Why the states of “Jìn” and “Lǔ” need to pay “Gong” to their monarch? It was because they divided the military and political power of the monarch so that they need to pay “Gong” to maintain the expenses.