文牘理性：清代州縣訟事的文書與程序

Clerical Rationality: Instrument and Procedures of Litigation in Qing Dynasty County

清代州縣訟事雖無系統的法定程序，在實踐中卻自有一套章程。通過訴訟檔案和官箴的相互參證，呈告、批發、查喚、訴禀、和息與審斷、複禀與上控、具結等一系列程序得以重構。清代州縣的訟事，以文書為核心，可以說“無文書，無訴訟”。並且，這些文書與程序呈現明顯的互動結構，顯示出濃厚的溝通理性。同時，不同訴訟環節有不同的文書，不同州縣的文書又具有鮮明的共通性，這種高度的規範性正是帝制中國文牘理性的結晶。儘管從性質上說，清代州縣的文書與程序屬於一種前現代治理的文牘技術，但在現代法治來臨之前，文牘理性可能是清代司法的最佳路徑。

Although it doesn't have the systematic legal procedure, the litigation in Qing Dynasty has its own regulation in practice. Through the mutual proof between the litigation file and official manual, a series of procedures such as sue, register, summon and investigate, respond and debate, reconcile and adjudge, appeal over can be reconstructed. The litigation in Qing Dynasty's county focuses on legal instrument, which can be taken as 'no legal instrument, no litigation'. What's more, the obvious interactive structures presented by the legal instrument and procedure reveal rich communication rationality. Different, litigation section has different legal instrument while the legal instruments in different counties have distinct commonality, which shows a high normative resulted from the clerical tradition of Chinese monarchy. From the view of nature, the legal instrument and procedure in Qing Dynasty belong to a pre- modern govern clerical technology, however, the clerical tradition may be the best option for judicature in Qing Dynasty before the age of modern rule of law.