公平責任、損失分擔與民法典的科學性──《民法典》第1186條之“來龍”與“去脈”

Equitable Liability, Loss Sharing and Science of Civil Code

《民法典》第1186條對原《侵權責任法》第24條作出重大修正，將“可以根據實際情况”修正為“依照法律的規定”，從而完全改變了公平分擔損失規則的適用機理。立法者作出此項修正之目的，在於進一步明確公平分擔損失規則的適用範圍，統一裁判尺度，避免法官的自由裁量尺度過寬等弊端。為此，在司法適用中有必要對“法律的規定”之文義予以目的性限縮，即其僅指《民法典》或其他法律中有關公平分擔損失的具體規定或特別規定，而不包括其中的原則性規定，尤其是不應包括內容抽象、空洞的“公平原則”。侵權法有其自身的原理和邏輯，其並非解决受害人救濟問題的“靈丹妙藥”。妥善解决受害人保護和損失分擔問題的根本途徑，在於建立和完善多元化的受害人救濟體系。

Article 1186 of Civil Code made a radical amendment to Article 24 of Tort Liability Law, changing 'according to actual conditions' to 'in accordance with the provisions of law', thus completely changing the application mechanism of the fair loss sharing. The purpose of this amendment is to further clarify the scope of application of the rule of fair loss sharing, unify the standard of judgment, and avoid the disadvantages of excessive discretion of judges. For this reason, in judicial application, the literal meaning of ' the provisions of law ' must be interpreted in a constrained manner in line with the legislative purpose, that is, it only refers to the specific provisions or special provisions of the Civil Code or other laws on fair loss sharing, and does not include legal principle, in particular, should not include the ambiguous 'fair principle'. Tort law has its own principles and logic, and it is not a 'magic bullet' to solve the problem of victim relief. The fundamental way to properly solve the problems of victim protection and loss sharing lies in the establishment and improvement of a diversified system of victim relief.