迴視：試論莊子的「落入」與「轉化」

Retrospection: An Examination of Zhuangzi’s Descent of the Ego

本文以莊子「鏡」之隱喻出發，由此延伸對傳統「鏡即靜」一說的反思，並透過對「鏡像」與「觀視」的理論回顧，藉〈逍遙遊〉中鵬之「視下」的形象，提出相對於觀視的「迴視」之說。此說除了強調莊子論至人「用心若鏡」時，有「如實映照」對象的功能外，同時反思這種被動映照的不足，進而點出映照之餘更當具有主動轉化他者的「導引之術」。本文將先以《莊子》中的各種衝突情節為對象，觀看其化解衝突的方式，此方式也象徵著至人之鏡主動「和之以是非」的過程。而後反向從受化者的角度進行描繪，提出莊子雖有主動化人之說，卻同步將主動性加以隱藏，令受化者可在「不知」的情境下完成自我之證道。終以莊子的夢覺之辨，嘗試為這種出入於是非之境的體道之人予以定位。

Drawing on Zhuangzi’s allegory of the “mirror,” this article extends the traditional notion of “mirror as tranquility” by reflecting on the ideas of “mirror imagery” and “observation.” It proposes the idea of “retrospection” as opposed to observation with respect to the “downward gaze” of the ancient mythical great bird Peng 鵬 in “Enjoyment in Untroubled Ease.” This article reflects upon how Zhuangzi’s argument to act upon others as if one were acting upon a mirror serves the function of “reflecting” the object truthfully. It also considers the inadequacy of this passive reflection, suggesting that in addition to reflecting, one should also be able to “guide” the other proactively. The article first examines the approaches to conflict resolution found in various conflicting situations in the Zhuangzi, which also symbolize the process of “reconciling right and wrong” by means of the mirror approach. This approach also symbolizes the process of the mirror in the accomplished individual’s active “reconciliation of right and wrong.” Following this, the article depicts the perspective of the recipient, and argues that in spite of Zhuangzi’s claim of active moralization, the active nature is simultaneously concealed, enabling the recipient to achieve self-realization in a state of “unawareness.” Ultimately, this article attempts to position those who embody the Way in a state in which they experience both right and wrong by referring to Zhuangzi’s argument towards the discernment of dreams and consciousness.