戰國晚期秦國對征伐地區之文化與文字傳播歷程——以湖北、湖南為考察核心

The Cultural and Graphemic Dissemination of the Qin Empire in the Late Warring States from Documentary and Archaeological Sources——Hubei and Hunan as the Core of the Study

《史記‧秦始皇本紀》記載秦始皇二十六年：「一法度衡石丈尺。車同軌。書同文字。」有關秦國在各地推行「書同文」方面的史料，學者已有相當多的探究。然而戰國晚期秦帝國對於征伐地區如何進行文化與文字傳播，影響的情況又是如何？過去史料的記載不足，學者也較少對此問題進行區域性探究。本文主要是利用考古墓葬和出土材料來重新探究戰國晚期秦帝國對征伐地區之文化與文字傳播歷程，尤其是湖北和湖南一帶的墓葬文化與文字現象。這一帶原本皆屬楚國的範圍，經考古材料進行比對，可以看出湖北一帶受到秦文化的影響較深刻，而湖南一帶受到秦文化影響反而相對有限，這跟秦在湖南一帶占領時間過短有密切相關。至於文字現象，因中央強令書同文政策，以及「更名詔書」的下達，基本上在戰國晚期湖北、湖南一帶已難見到六國時期楚文字的遺跡。即便戰國晚期反秦政權試圖恢復六國古文，但由於書同文政策已歷經了十多年，後來的人未必可以完全復原六國文字的樣貌。且因秦文字已通行一段時間，對於剛建立的漢帝國而言，直接承襲秦文字體系也是最好的策略。

The Historical Records of Qin Shi Huang records that in the twenty-sixth year of his reign: 'Weighing objects was to be done with uniformly sized gauges, all carriages were to have equal spacing between the two wheels, and letters or articles were to be written in the same characters. 'There is a considerable amount of scholarly research on the implementation of the 'writing with the uniform characters' system in various parts of the Qin Empire. But how did the Qin empire spread culture and characters to the areas it conquered in the late Warring States period, and what was the impact? In the past, historical records are insufficient, and scholars rarely conduct regional research on this issue. This paper uses the archaeological burials and excavates materials to re-examine the cultural and character transmission of the Qin empire to the conquered areas in the late Warring States period, with a particular focus on the cultural and character phenomena of burials in the Hubei and Hunan regions. This area was originally part of the state of Chu, and a comparison of archaeological materials shows that the influence of the Qin culture was more profound in Hubei and more limited in Hunan, which is closely related to the short period of time that the Qin occupied the area. As for the characters, due to the central government's mandatory policy of writing in the same characters and the issuance of the 'imperial edict of renaming', the remains of Chu characters in the six Kingdoms period in Hubei and Hunan in the late Warring States period is basically nowhere to see. Even though the anti-Qin regime in the late Warring States period tried to restore the ancient Chinese characters of the six countries, it may not be possible for later people to completely restore the appearance of the ancient characters of the six countries because the policy of 'writing with the uniform characters' had gone through more than a decade. As the Qin characters had been in use for some time, it was the best strategy for the newly established Han empire to inherit the Qin characters system.