殉道、復活與文革時代：《啟示錄》與滇北阿卯苗族基督徒的末世論

Martyrdom, Resurrection, and the Era of Cultural Revolution: The Book of Revelation and the Ahmao Eschatology of Christian Churches in Northern Yunnan, China

1958年教會活動轉入地下，中國基督徒被迫公開放棄自己的信仰。隨著政治運動的不斷深入，滇北的阿卯基督徒相信《啟示錄》中的末日天啟（Apocalypse）已經在文革時代中顯現，根據預言，在牧師殉道之後，緊接而來的是羔羊復活與攝圖被提（Rapture），因此基督徒必須要放棄公民身分、脫離共產黨統治、守誡成為聖徒，才能在牧師復活之後，入籍平安國免於末日審判。千年運動導致滇北基督徒社群在1976年遭受毀滅性的軍事攻擊，數百名少數民族基督徒因此被關進監獄。雖然教會活動得以在1978年後全面恢復，但共產主義和千年運動之間的對立仍然存在，滇北基督教社群也因此分裂為平安國的聖徒們和三自教會的信徒們，彼此之間水火不容。本文從民族誌神學（ethnographic theology）的角度，描寫滇北阿卯基督徒的文革時代，由此論證《啟示錄》對理解教會歷史的兩個重要性：一方面，末日天啟的顯現促成在滇北基督社群的千年運動，在文化大革命期間帶給基督徒極大盼望；另一方面，後文革時代對千年運動的否定，導致救恩分歧和聖徒隱身，使得基督徒社群無可避免地走向分裂與衝突。

In 1958, church activities went underground in China, and Christians were forced to publicly renounce their religion. As the political campaigns went outraged, Ahmao Christians in northern Yunnan believed that the Apocalypse in the Book of Revelation had revealed itself in the era of Cultural Revolution. Beginning with the martyrdom of the Ahmao pastor, Wang Zhiming (1907-1973), followed by his resurrection and the upcoming raptures, the prophets in the Book of Revelation directly contributed to the millenarian movement in 1970s, calling for withdraws from citizenships in order to survive in the Millennium. The millenarian movement attracted military attacks with the goal of exterminating Christianity in 1976; as a result, many hundreds of ethnic Christians in northern Yunnan were jailed. Though the religious regulation was eased in 1978, the antagonism between the communist state and the millenarian Christians remained and the Christian community was divided into the millenarian heretics and the Christian patriots. This article explores the Ahmao eschatology in terms of ethnographic theology and argues for the significances of the Book of Revelation in configuring Ahmao church history. On the one hand, the revelation of Apocalypse and the millenarian movement strengthened the Christian community in northern Yunnan to survive through church closures and persecutions in the era of Cultural Revolution. On the other hand, the denial of millenarianism as responses to religious regulations resulted in the schism and conflicts of Christian community in the era of post-revolutionary Reform.