行動中的鄉民：冷戰脈絡下應用人類學的外一章

Peasants in Action: Revisiting Cornell-Peru Project against Cold War Context

論及美國人類學知識在冷戰期間扮演的角色，研究者通常著眼於人類學者如何協助政府蒐集情報，或者參與在美方援助發展中國家的各類現代化計畫當中，批判人類學者如何服務於冷戰，進一步衍生出人類學研究倫理問題。本文將以冷戰期間著名的應用人類學計畫——康乃爾—秘魯計畫為例：首先，脈絡化鄉民研究如何作為冷戰知識體系當中重要的一環，形構出守舊的鄉民／革命的鄉民兩種形象。其次，本文將論證，並非位在冷戰前線的秘魯，事實上在此應用人類學計畫過程中，允許一種跳脫冷戰對立框架的鄉民特質浮現的空間。本文預計以該計畫執行人類學者Mario C. Vázquez的田野筆記為核心史料，分析他筆下呈現出來一種具備歷史動態的鄉民形象，超越了當時人類學知識解釋文化變遷、界定鄉民性質的理論框架。康乃爾—秘魯計畫起初因服務於冷戰下的現代化推廣需求而生，但在計畫的操作過程中，卻非預期性地產生出新知識的潛質。

Exploring the relationship between U.S. anthropology and the Cold War, previous studies have generally focused on how some anthropologists have helped the U.S. government collect war intelligence or facilitated modernization projects with their local knowledge. Looking back into this dark side of their history, anthropologists are cautious about their past services to the Cold War. This often leads to ethical discussions. This article studies an applied anthropological project against the Cold War context, namely, the Cornell-Peru Project at Vicos, not for an ethical but rather for a historical purpose. The fieldnotes of a Peruvian applied anthropologist, Mario C. Vázquez, are used to show how he actually developed an image of peasants in action, transcending the opposing views of conservative vs. revolutionary peasants at the time. More importantly, this body of practical knowledge did not develop out of classical anthropological fieldwork, but rather through interactive processes and the daily practices of Vázquez and the Vicosinos. Vázquez’s fieldnotes challenge our views of the relationship between fieldwork, fieldnotes, and knowledge production.