原住民族推展自然農業的困境與契機：以新竹縣尖石鄉泰雅族為例

The Dilemmas and Opportunities for Indigenous People in Promoting Natural Farming:

近年來全球氣候變異巨大，人類如何提升社會生態系統之韌性以為因應，並獲取安全且穩定之糧食供應，是為刻不容緩的永續發展趨勢。在新竹縣尖石鄉泰雅族部落，部分農場主經過多年嘗試鑽研無毒耕作，以部落週邊森林採集微生物等在地資材，製作防蟲害之營養液取代市售有機肥，開創出一套富含原住民族生態知識的「自然農法」並向其他族人推廣，以增進農產並保護生態。此外，為拓展銷售管道，輔導團隊先是致力於實施「社區支持型農業」（CSA），以增進產銷兩端的連結；嗣後推出線上（臉書）訂購石磊友善蔬菜新品牌的蔬菜箱，舉辦農民市集（FM），希望能在CSA之外尋找新契機。就理想言，部落農民的農耕體現其文化，輔導團隊善盡其社會責任，消費者則認同環境友善的價值，可建立部落、外來輔導團體、消費者之間的「鑲嵌關係」。本文藉由觀察部落族人農耕方式、參與會議、實地訪談，以及臉書發布訊息，以探討其間問題之癥結，經研究發現，1. 部落的社會資本有所不足；2. 部落行銷專業人才暨營農經費不足；3. 外來輔導團體引進資源忽視在地脈絡且未能符合計畫本旨。未來，為開展部落自然農業的發展契機，可酌採對策為：1. 鞏固部落的傳統文化規範，以利強化社會資本；2. 建立核心團體增置專業人力，以利推展跨部落、跨地域農產業營銷；3. 建立「原住民族金庫」，以利寬籌部落經濟資本；4. 外來輔導團體應展現專業與負責任的態度，協助部落邁向永續發展。

In recent years, due to worldwide climate change and the great degredation of the bio-environmental base, sustainable development has been become a trend in how human beings enhance the resilience of social and ecological systems for adapting to the changing climate as well as gaining a safe and stable food supply. In Jianshih Township, Hsinchu County, some Tayal communal farmers have made thorough studies on nontoxic/ environmental friendly/ natural/ organic cultivation for years. They gather microorganisms and various kinds of local materials in the mountain forests nearby Tayal communities to make Han-fang and nutrients for insect prevention and soil fertility instead of using the organic fertilizers marketed for Korean-style natural farming, and nowadays they are transforming and combining organic farming techniques with indigenous traditional knowledge to create a brand new farming practice. They have established a series of ‘natural farming’ practices which fully contain indigenous traditional and ecological knowledge that is inherited and innovated by communal farmers, and promote them to other Tayal communities to increase agricultural production and protect the ecological environment. Also, in order to promote marketing and to increase selling channels, they first work with outside assistant civil groups to strive for ‘community supported agriculture (CSA)’ practice in order to strengthen the connection between producers and consumers and help them to better understand each others’ ideas of nontoxic/ environmental friendly/ natural/ organic farming. And then, they use an online (Facebook) booking system to promote their products and to attract consumers to order the new brand of ‘Quri Community’s Environmental-Friendly Vegetable Box’ and subsequently hold farmers’ markets (FM) to search for new opportunities beyond CSA. Ideally speaking, the farming practice in Tayal indigenous communities helps them to realize their culture, outside assistant civil groups to discharge their social responsibility, and consumers to identify the values of nontoxic/ environmental friendly/ natural/ organic food. These are three key factors which establish ‘embedded relationships’ among Tayal indigenous communities, outside assistant civil groups, and consumers. This research explores key questions through participant-observation of communal farmers’ ways of cultivation, participating in communal meetings, interviewing local farmers face-to-face, visiting their farmlands, and observing what indigenous farmers post or advocate on Facebook. This research finds that: 1) there is insufficient social capital in the indigenous communities due to lost Tayal traditions and lack of mutual trust among communal residents; 2) there is insufficient professional marketing ability and insufficient funding for farm management in indigenous communities, so that it is difficult to manage communities’ businesses if they lack a core, are not cross-communal, and do not have a manager who is good at communication; 3) outside assistant civil groups neglect the local indigenous contexts and do not achieve the set-up goals of their projects while introducing outside resources. In the future, to launch the opportunity of developing natural farming in indigenous communities, relevant measures that should be taken are: 1) to firmly consolidate communities’ cultural traditions to strengthen their social capital; 2) to establish a core group to hire talented professionals to promote cross-community and crossregion agricultural production and marketing; 3) to establish an ‘indigenous peoples treasury’ to accumulate indigenous communities’ economic capital; 4) outside assistant civil groups should adopt a professional and responsible attitude to support indigenous communities to develop sustainably.