類案判斷的方法論

On the Methodology of the Like Case Judgement

法官判斷類案需要有用作判斷的方法論：步驟化的思維路徑、綜合性的標準與立基於實質內容的形式化方法。類案判斷的方法論融合了鑒定式案例研究方法與案例推理方法。在區分案例類型的基礎上，從法律爭點出發，在待決案件與案例之間反復判斷，最終在兩案相似的前提下，法官將類案判斷的結論適用於待決案件。有機組合法律爭點、法律要件、關鍵事實以及法律關係框架，形成綜合的類案判斷標準。同時，法官類比案例事實，檢驗對比事實與法律爭點之間的相關性，提供作出判斷的實質理由，明確要點事實權重，完成比例與權重的綜合判斷。最後，進行反向排除檢驗，確定實質理由是否符合相關性要求，完成類案判斷。

Judges need to use the methodology for judging like cases: stepwise rules of thinking, comprehensive standards and formal approaches to substantive contents. The methodology of the like case judgement combines the appraisal case study method with the case reasoning method. On the basis of distinguishing the types of cases, starting from the legal points, judging the pending cases and the precedents repeatedly, judges can finally apply the conclusion of judging the like cases to the pending cases on the premise of meeting the similarity. By synthesizing legal disputes, legal elements, key facts and the framework of legal relations, the criteria for judging class cases are formed. At the same time, judges are limited by personal cognition and knowledge framework. The case facts are analogized to provide substantive reasons, clarifying the weight of facts, and realizing the comprehensive judgment of proportion and weight on the premise of the correlation test. Finally, the reverse exclusion tests whether the substantive reason meets the relevant requirements, and completes the class judgment.