「軍閥」概念在民初中國的產生與演變

The Emerge and Evolution of the Concept 'Junfa' in Early Republican China

「軍閥」是理解20世紀中國政治的重要關鍵詞之一。除了討論「軍閥」們究竟幹了什麼以外，對「軍閥」概念進行追溯，探尋此一話語建構背後所反應的權力關係及歷史心性，亦是深化對20世紀中國政治的理解的一項重要工作。「軍閥」是「和製漢語」，故而當它傳播到中國時，兩國政治文化菁英得以共享與之相關的種種政治意涵。。然而，隨著中國政治軍事環境的變動，中國的「軍閥」概念開始衍生出相異的內容，其中兩個影響力最大的論述是1920年代初期的「聯治範式」，以及1920年代中期以後的「黨治範式」。前者強調自下而上地由各個平等的個體共同建立新的政治共同體，如此則「軍閥」不攻自倒；後者則主張自上而下地由政黨憑藉武力打倒「軍閥」，再以其主義為藍圖建設新的中國。這兩種「軍閥」詮釋模式分屬於中國近現代思想界分裂後的兩股潮流。雙方交鋒的勝負不僅使得勝者得到了往後「軍閥」概念的定義權，同時這兩種思潮的正反合歷程亦展現了中國精英在戰爭陰影下受激迫而形成的思考國家前途的模式。

To comprehend the politics of 20th century China, 'junfa' is a significant keyword. Besides deliberating what junfa did, it is still vital to trace the construct of the discourse of junfa. Junfa is a word made up by Japanese. Therefore, when the term spreads to China, it came along with some meaning occurred in Japanese context. Because of the closeness between the intellectual circle of China and Japan, the public opinion towards junfa of the both countries entangled for a period. However, because of the changing situation of Chinese politics, the term junfa commenced to develop meanings that different from its original land. Two of the most influential discourses, according to this article, are the Federalist paradigm, and the Revolutionist paradigm. The former believed that a new political community ought to be built from bottom up by equal subjects, and junfa will be overthrown after the rise of civic conscious. By contrast, the revolutionist claimed that the only way to 'down with the feudalist warlord' is the gunfire of the certain party who bears the only rightful ideology, and people should live according to the party's blueprint. These two interpretations of junfa belong to the two currents occurred after the split of Chinese intellectual circle in early 1920s. The revolutionist, who was the final winner of civil war, obtained the hegemony to define the term junfa and the future of Chinese nation. The history of these currents of thought demonstrates the pattern of thinking by Chinese intellectuals who were forced to think in the shadow of war.