臺灣三維列印場域之微粒及揮發性有機物排放

The Correlation of the Sound Pressure Level and Sound Source with the Recognition of Fire Alarm for the Earplug

近年來3D列印在國內蓬勃發展，與傳統製造相比有精緻客製化、可減少開模時間、減少耗材量等優點。然而近期研究發現3D列印過程會產生微粒與揮發性有機物等污染物，可能會造成作業人員潛在暴露風險，因此本研究將探討台灣使用材料擠製（Material Extrusion, ME）技術和光固化（Vat-Photopolymerization, VP）技術的工作場所中微粒及總揮發性有機化合物（Total Volatile Organic Compound, TVOC）之排放情形，並進行風險評估，再根據其結果提出具體改善建議。
以本研究某場域為例，以YM○○代表各場域，共採樣四種情境，分別為熔融沉積成型（Fused Deposition Modeling, FDM）機型使用丙烯腈丁二烯苯乙烯（Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene, ABS）線材在正常通風情境（YM01）、FDM機型使用ABS線材在未通風情境（YM02）、FDM機型使用聚乳酸（Polylactic acid, PLA）線材（YM03）、立體光刻印刷（Stereo Lithography apparatus, SLA）機型使用光敏樹脂（YM-SLA），微粒數量濃度之幾何平均粒徑介於30.91±1.93 ∼ 50.21±1.81 nm，皆落在100 nm以下，屬於超細微粒粒徑範圍，微粒數目濃度為1.70×104 ∼ 7.36×104 #/cm3，其3D列印過程中超細微粒產生率為超細微粒產生率為2.07×1011 ∼ 4.90×1012 #/min。PM2.5及PM10濃度分別介於0.74±0.27 ∼ 6.64±0.89μg/m3以及2.39±0.60 ∼ 17.84±7.49μg/m3，而TVOC濃度介於379∼546 ppb。致癌風險及非致癌風險值皆落於可接受範圍。
對於該場域之建議措施可採取以下方法，加強場域整體換氣增加室內空氣循環、操作人員應接受化學物質之物化特性相關教育、穿戴具有護罩或面罩之安全眼鏡，防止化學液體噴濺、依風險選擇適當防塵口罩或活性碳口罩等。

In recent years, 3D printing has flourished in Taiwan. Compared with traditional manufacturing, it has the advantages of customization, reduced mold time, and fewer consumables. However, recent studies have found that the 3D printing process will generate pollutants, including particulate matter (PM) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which may cause potential health risks to workers. Therefore, this study evaluated the emission of particulate matter and volatile organic compounds in material-extrusion and vat-photopolymerization 3D printing workplaces in Taiwan, carried out arisk assessment, and suggested specific improvements based on the measurement results.
Taking acertain field of this study as an example, we sampled four fields, namely, Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) model using ABS filament ventilated (YM01); FDM model using ABS filament unventilated (YM02); FDM model using PLA filament (YM03); Stereo Lithography apparatus (SLA) model using photosensitive resin (YMSLA). The geometric mean diameters were between 30.91±1.93∼50.21±1.81 nm, belonging to the ultrafine particle (UFP) size range. The particle number concentration is 1.70×104∼7.36×104 #/cm3, and the generation rates of UFPs in the 3D printing process were 2.07×1011∼4.90×1012 #/min. PM2.5 and PM10 emission concentrations ranged from 0.74±0.27 to 6.64±0.89μg/m3 and 2.39±0.60 to 17.84±7.49μg/m3, respectively, while the TVOC concentrations ranged from 379 to 546 ppb. Both carcinogenic risk and non-carcinogenic risks caused by PM and VOCs exposure were within acceptable ranges. Suggested measures for acertain fields are as follows: increasing ventilation rate, education for the operators on the hazard of chemical substances, and suitable personal protective equipment.