明治日本「中國哲學」的形成與楊朱論

The Formation of“Chinese Philosophy”and the Discourse on Yang Zhu during Meiji Japan

本文以明治知識分子探討「楊朱」的論述方式和觀點為例，試圖釐清明治時代「中國哲學」學術領域形成的實際情形之一斑。在傳統東亞知識分子的眼界中，「楊朱」並非會引起他們學術興趣的人物。不過到了明治後期他竟成為了中國古代主要「哲學家」之一。此轉換過程的契機有兩個階段：第一階段的契機是在明治十年（1877 年）開設於東京大學的「哲學」相關課程中，由Ernest Fenollosa 和井上哲次郎等教師以中國哲學為題目所開設的相關課程。第二階段的契機則是由接受到這些課程而出版相關著作的井上圓了、瀧川龜太郎等青年知識分子所引起的。經過在明治十年代「中國哲學」學術領域初步形成的過程，當時的青年教師和學生們開始注意到楊朱思想的內容，並且一方面將楊朱與在西方哲學相關議題和人物做對比，另一方則由「自利」、「自愛」、「後退主義」等來自西方學術的用詞界定其思想的「哲學」意義。藉由就這樣的過程，使得「哲學家楊朱」的形象逐步形成。

This essay aims to elucidate an actual situation of the formation of the research field we call today “Chinese philosophy” with close focus on how Meiji intellectuals have discussed an early Chinese thinker Yang Zhu. Few traditional East-Asian intellectuals have shown their interest to this person, while in the intellectual scene by the end of Meiji period, he has been regarded as one of most important philosophers among the Warring States masters during early Chinese intellectual history. The present author assumes that the locus to have triggered such an interpretative change was Tokyo University in its fledgling first ten years (i.e., around during 1878-1888). Two group of peoples performed their pioneering role for making an image of Yang Zhu as one of indispensable philosophers in early China. One group were instructors of philosophy or Oriental philosophy, such as Ernest Fenollosa and Inoue Tetsujirô, who have focused upon philosophical aspects or role of Yang Zhu in their lectures. The other group were their students who wrote about Yang Zhu. In particular, Takigawa Kametarô was the first scholar who published an article, the main subject of which was Yang Zhu. In such a process of 1880s, in which the academic field of “Chinese Philosophy” has taken into form, scholars have sought counterpart philosophers and theory in Western tradition to those of Yang Zhu, and, on the other hand, tried to explain his significant philosophical role by such terms as “egoism”, “self-love”, “Retreatism”, etc. It was in such an intellectual attempt by Meiji young intellectuals that the image of Yang Zhu as a philosopher has been molded