張遼「義勇襯揚」形象論析──以關羽之情節對照為核心

On the image of Zhang Liao's 'bravery against publicity'—The comparison with Guan Yu is the core

在《三國志演義》中，一眾虎將活躍於戰亂之世。而在小說家的點染下，讓關、張、馬、黃、趙此「五虎將」，比起《三國志》所載，以更加鮮明、飽滿的形象深植於人心。目前學界咸認為「五虎將」的形塑，當是以《三國志》五人合傳的概念出發，加以渲染而成。然而，在《三國志》中武將合傳的情形，並非只有蜀漢一例，尚有曹魏「五子良將」合傳（張樂于張徐列傳）、東吳「十二虎臣」合傳（程黃韓蔣周陳董甘淩徐潘丁列傳）。東吳十二虎臣或因人數眾多而不易調動，然曹魏的五子良將，審酌其歷史記載，實也有發展成「五虎將」並稱結構的可能。然在《演義》中，此五人的形象描寫相對薄弱，其中，做為五子之首的張遼卻是著墨最多、雕琢最甚，此點實可深究，同時，在列傳中位居末位的徐晃在小說中的形象及戲份亦趨向揚高，超越了樂進、于禁、張郃，亦為可論。故本文出入文史之間，細細考索，提出以下幾點觀察：一、張遼在《演義》中的勇武表現基本上參酌《三國志》中的記載，加以渲染而成。二、在小說中出現大量張遼和關羽、曹操之間的互動關係，歷史材料乃從〈關羽傳〉中之注文發展而來。三、五子良將在《演義》中可加以渲染的情節實際上不少於五虎將，但總體上仍趨於平淡，但張遼作為關、曹兩人的「斡旋者」、以及關羽的「相襯者」，卻被有意塑造出了趨近完美的形象。故整體而言，在五子良將中，張遼的角色形象鮮明，深植人心，其出發點與作者對關羽的推崇息息相關。

In the Romance of the Three Kingdoms, a group of tigers will be active in the world of war. In the wonderful works of the novelist, the 'five tiger generals' of Guan, Zhang, Ma, Huang and Zhao are deeply rooted in the hearts of the people with a more vivid and full image than those contained in the annals of the Three Kingdoms. At present, scholars believe that the shape of 'five tiger generals' should be rendered based on the concept of the joint transmission of five people in the annals of the Three Kingdoms. However, in the annals of the Three Kingdoms, the case of the joint transmission of military generals is not only the case of the Shu and Han Dynasties. There are also the joint transmission of the 'Five sons and good generals' of the Cao Wei Dynasty (Zhang Le in Zhang Xu liezhuan) and the joint transmission of the 'Twelve tiger ministers' of the eastern Wu Dynasty (Cheng Huang Han Jiang Zhou Chen Dong Gan Ling Xu panding liezhuan). The twelve tiger ministers of the eastern Wu Dynasty may be difficult to mobilize because of their large number. However, considering their historical records, it is possible to develop into a 'five tiger general' structure. However, in the romance, the image description of these five people is relatively weak. Among them, Zhang Liao, as the first of the five sons, stands out from the crowd and shines brightly. This can be studied in depth. At the same time, the image and play of Xu Huang, who ranks last in the biography, tend to rise in the novel, surpassing Le Jin, Yu ban and Zhang Ying. Therefore, between going in and out of literature and history, this paper makes a detailed textual research and puts forward the following observations: first, the brave performance of Zhang Liao in the Romance is basically based on the records in the annals of the Three Kingdoms. Second, there are a large number of interactive relationships between Zhang Liao, Guan Yu and Cao Cao in the novel, and the historical materials are developed from the annotations in the biography of Guan Yu. Last, in fact, the plot that wuziliang general can render in Romance is not less than that of WuHuJiang, but it still tends to be flat on the whole. However, Zhang Liao, as the 'mediator' of Guan and Cao and the 'contrast' of Guan Yu, has been deliberately shaped into a perfect image. Therefore, on the whole, among the five good generals, Zhang Liao's role image is distinct and deeply rooted in the hearts of the people. Its starting point is closely related to the author's praise of Guan Yu.