監察制度改革與治理秩序轉型民初肅政廳的發生學考察

從制度發生學的視角來看，民初監察制度的發生與發展是一個主客體互動的構造性過程。1906-1911年，作為傳統中國監察制度典型載體的都察院，在與議會監察等西來新制的競爭中面臨存廢危機，成為清末官僚制度大崩潰的生動注腳。革命党人宋教仁則主張調和新舊，以懲戒裁判所保存都察院精義，並在其主導的民初憲章中明定平政院之制。懲於清末以來的治理/治吏困境，大總統袁世凱於1914年設立平政院執掌行政裁判，並于院內設立肅政廳專司糾彈官吏，獨立監察模式得以在民初重現和重構。在短暫存續期內，肅政廳查辦、平政院審理了一系列大案要案，牽涉央地政局和治理秩序甚巨。透過肅政廳的人力與事功，獨立監察模式澄清吏治、彈壓派系、助推集權的複合功能得以彰顯。作為民初監察制度的典型載體，北洋政府肅政廳是治理轉型期的過渡現象，是兼收並蓄古今中西治理資源的產物，尤其體現了主國是者整合秩序的治理意圖，蘊含著承前啟後的制度發生學意義。

From the perspective of institutional genetics, the emergence and development of Su Zheng Ting() in the early ROC., was a constitutional process of the subject-object interaction. During 1906-1911, as a typical traditional Chinese supervisory institution, Du Cha Yuan (fell into a sur-vival crisis in the competition with new Western supervision system, epitomizing the great collapse of bu-reaucratic system in the late Qing Dynasty. Song Jiaoren, the famous revolutionary leader, sought to har-monize the old system with the new system by preserving the essence of Du Cha Yuan in the Disciplinary Tribunal, and writing Ping Zheng Yuan() into some constitutional documents in the early ROC. In 1914, to solve the dilemma of governance since the late Qing Dynasty, President Yuan Shikai set up Ping Zheng Yuan to take charge of administrative trial, and Su Zheng Ting to supervise officials, so that the traditional model of independent supervision was reproduced and reconstructed. In its short life term, Su Zheng Ting and Ping Zheng Yuan handled a series of major cases relevant to different aspects of the gubernatorial affairs of the state. The endeavour and achievements of Su Zheng Ting embodied the com-posite functions of independent supervision model, such as cleansing out political corruption, suppressing political factions, and promoting centralization. As a typical supervisory institutitonin the early ROC, Su Zheng Ting was a transitional institution during a transitional period, synthesizing governance resources between ancient and modern, Chinese and the Western. It especially epitomized the endeavour of state building in the early republican period, and demonstrated the genetic significance of connecting the past with the future.