科層中的分流中國法院人事管理制度的二元結構

政法體制下的科層結構是中國法院管理制度的基本特徵。但學界對科層內部的分工合作、人員流動、利益格局等的認識仍然不足。這導致朝向專業化和精英化的司法人事改革的效果偏離預期。改革成功的前提在於準確把握其所欲改善卻又依賴的先在制度結構。實際上，中國法院人事管理制度呈現出較明顯的二元結構：法院領導（領導幹部）和普通法官（基層幹部）有各自的亞群體特徵，在政治定位、專業分工、評價體系、流動晉升、社會網路等諸方面，存在“層級分流”的現象。這種層級分流，既是歷史上規模治理中“官吏分途”的留痕，又是當代政法體制的結構延伸。同時，它也面臨著國家治理現代化和司法專業化的挑戰。層級分流不僅意味著分工與合作，還存在張力與平衡。在必然涉及資源再分配的改革中，應考慮二元結構中不同群體的差異和需求。

A major feature of the Chinese court system is its hierarchical structure under a political-le-gal system. However, this feature cannot fully explain the operational rationale of and the interest dis-tributing mechanism inside courts. Neglecting internal divisions of labor and divergent roles of members in Chinese courts has led to an oversimplified judicial reform, the 'Personnel Quota System' towards professionalism and 'elitism', which failed to effectively promote the status and career satisfaction of fro-ntline judges. A key to the personnel management reform is to realize that there is a dual structure of the personnel management system: court leaders and ordinary judges are stratified sub-groups and different professionals, in terms of career paths, mobility, promotion, social networks and so on. The stratifica-tion is not only a legacy of a historical pattern of the separation of officials (Guan) and local staffs (Li) in ancient China, but also an extension of the power structure of the current political-legal system. Mean-while, it is facing challenges from judicial professionalization and the modernization of China's govern-ance. In addition to labor division and cooperation, the dual structure also implies potential competition for resources, tensions, and balance. In the judicial personnel reform, which would inevitably redistribute interests, the existence of different sub-groups and their demands within the dual structure deserve more attention and consideration.