引荀／隱荀——他律化孟學在漢代的形成、結構與敘事

Quoting Xunzi but Hidden Xunzi: The Formation, Structure and Narrative of Heterogeneous Studies of Mencius in the Han Dynasty

漢代一般被認為是荀學的時代，在心性儒學典範中對漢代儒學也有著強烈的批判。但回顧漢代經學系統便會發現，《荀子》不僅沒有如《孟子》立為博士官、亦沒有出現如《孟子章句》這樣的註本。如再進一步考察漢代學術典籍，也會了解到其中多有引孟、述孟與尊孟集體行為，卻鮮有引荀、述荀與尊荀的集體敘事。但事實上漢代典籍中諸多明顯的荀學思維結構以及《荀子》的重文，這似乎有一種隱荀的集體敘事結構，可能與秦火所造成漢代存有對他律倫理的創傷，進而在亡秦－法家－荀學的連續性結構中隱蔽荀子，並將荀學的他律性結構潛抑至孟學的敘事內進行重建。是以細究漢代的孟學論述，可以發現有著在引孟中隱荀的普遍性結構，也就是所謂孟學敘事事實上多是荀學結構的孟學、他律化的孟學；亦即可以說漢代孟學思潮事實上是一「他律化孟學」的彰揚，是秦火系譜斷層後屬於漢代的新儒學系統重建。漢代學者自我認同為孟學，事實上卻潛藏著廣義荀學的論述邏輯。為漢字文化場域所熟知的孟母敘事母題，也多半創造於漢代，但卻有著與孟學背反的荀學結構。正是此一隱性結構的發展，使得漢代成為「雙重儒學空間」－既是孟學、又是荀學；既不是孟學、又不是荀學。

The Han Dynasty is generally considered to be the era of studies of Xunzi, and there is also a strong criticism of Han Dynasty Confucianism in the Confucianism model of studies of heart-mind. However, looking back at the Han dynasty system of Confucian classics, we will find that not only did Xunzi not be established as a doctoral officer like Mencius, but there was also no commentary such as Mencius Chapters. If we further examine the academic classics of the Han Dynasty, we will find that there are many collective acts of quoting, narrating and respecting Mencius, but few collective narratives of quoting, narrating and respecting Xunzi. But in fact, the many obvious Xunzi's thinking structures in the classics of the Han dynasty and the repetition of Xunzi seem to have a hidden collective narrative structure, which may be related to the trauma caused by the Qin fire in the Han dynasty, and then died. The continuity structure of Qin-Legal-Xunzi concealed Xunzi, and the collective unconscious drive prompted the reconstruction of the Confucianism system for the other studies of Mencius as a model of other laws. That is to say, the so-called narrative of Mencius is in fact the structure of Xunzi and the heterogeneous studies of Mencius; that is to say, it can be said the trend of Mencius' thought in the Han dynasty was in fact a manifestation of ＂false Mencius＂, a reconstruction of the new Confucianism system belonging to the Han dynasty after the fault of the Qin-Han genealogy-a heterogeneous studies of Mencius. Scholars in the Han Dynasty identified themselves as studies of Mencius, but in fact there was a broad expounding logic of studies of Xunzi. The narrative motif of Mencius, which is familiar to Chinese character cultural sites, was mostly created in the Han Dynasty, but it has a Xunzi's thinking structure that is contrary to studies of Mencius. It was the development of this implicit structure that made the Han Dynasty a ＂double space for Confucianism＂-both Mencius' and Xunzi's; neither Mencius' nor Xunzi's.